Chile

TREATY BETWEEN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE ON INTEGRATED BORDER CONTROLS. SANTIAGO 8 AUGUST 1997 [United Nations Treaty Series vol. 2827 I-49505.]

Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Geological Survey -- Department of the Interior of the United States of America and the Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica of the Republic of Chile concerning scientific and technical co-operation in the earth sciences. Washington 16 January 2004 and 20 January 2004

This article presents a proposal for defining and measuring precarious employment. We begin by relating this phenomenon to the changing faces of work and social class. We then expound a methodology that combines the techniques of correspondence analysis and k-means clustering to produce a typology of nine groups of precarious employment. This reveals such employment to be a multidimensional phenomenon combining aspects of stability insecurity income working conditions and working hours. The results point to a phenomenon that is not tied to any one class or position in the labour market or to any one dimension or indicator but is rather a multidimensional process that cuts across class divides and pervades different positions and situations throughout the Chilean employment structure.

Este artículo presenta una propuesta de definición y medición de la precariedad laboral. Comenzamos relacionando el fenómeno de la precariedad con las transformaciones de las fisonomías del trabajo y de las clases sociales. Luego se expone una metodología que combina las técnicas del análisis de correspondencias y el clúster de k-medias para elaborar una tipología de nueve grupos de precariedad. Esto permite evidenciar la precariedad como un fenómeno multidimensional que articula aspectos ligados a la estabilidad inseguridad ingresos condiciones de trabajo y jornadas laborales. Los resultados muestran que estaríamos frente a un fenómeno que no está vinculado a una única clase o posición dentro del mercado laboral ni tampoco a una única dimensión o indicador sino más bien a un proceso multidimensional y transclasista que atraviesa fluidamente diferentes posiciones y situaciones a lo largo de la estructura ocupacional chilena.

This article sets out to analyse differences in cognitive and non-cognitive skills between Chilean children. It first examines factors explaining the level of these skills and then goes on to distinguish between children from poor and non-poor households. The data are taken from the first Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey which was analysed using logistic binary regression. This study finds that variables associated with the mother's intelligence level and other socialization-related variables are statistically significant. However separate statistical analysis for poor and non-poor households yields different effects of socialization. The main conclusion is that the mother's skills are a relevant explanatory factor in both poor and non-poor children's households. Nonetheless unequal development of skills in early childhood is not due to inherited traits alone. Stimulation matters in poor households while the mother's education matters in non-poor households.