1945

Mali

No. 49083. Germany and Mali

Main Title: Treaty Series 2790
Apr 2017
Chapter
United Nations Office of Legal Affairs

Arrangement between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Republic of Mali regarding the project “Promotion of Reproductive Health II”. Bamako, 24 June 2011, and Koulouba, 8 July 2011

No. 48563. United Nations and Mali

Main Title: Treaty Series 2753
Dec 2015
Chapter
United Nations
Exchange of letters constituting an agreement between the United Nations and Mali concerning the organization of the High-level Symposium in preparation of the 2012 Development Cooperation Forum (DCF) focussing on the theme “Gearing Development Cooperation towards the MDGS: Effectiveness and Results” held in Bamako, Mali on 5 and 6 May 2011. New York, 15 April 2011, and Koulouba, 6 May 2011

No. 48438. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Mali

Main Title: Treaty Series 2741
Feb 2016
Chapter
United Nations
Global Environment Facility Grant Agreement (Fostering Agricultural Productivity Project) between the Republic of Mali and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (acting as an Implementing Agency of the Global Environment Facility) (with schedules and Standard Conditions for Grants made by the World Bank out of various funds, dated 1 July 2008). Bamako, 19 June 2010

Child Poverty and Deprivation in Mali

Dec 2014
Working Paper
Marlous de Milliano, Sudhanshu Handa, Shannon Strother, Thiecoura Sidibe and Vincent Turmine
This study provides the first ever estimates of national child deprivation rates in Mali using the Multiple Overlapping Deprivations Approach (MODA) pioneered by UNICEF. Deprivations are defined according to the age of the child. A participatory national process led to the selection of four distinct age groups and a set of deprivation dimensions for each age group. The age groups are 0-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-14 years and 15-17 years. The younger age groups have 7 dimensions of deprivation while the older age groups have 6 dimensions. The national child deprivation rate is 50%, slightly higher than the national (monetary) child poverty rate of 46%. The deprivation rate is based on a threshold of 4 for children 0-59 months and 3 for children 5-17 years. The deprivation headcount is 60% in rural areas versus 16% in urban areas. The highest deprivation headcounts are found in Kidal (73%), Tombouctou (72%) and Mopti (68%). The headcount is 9% in Bamako. The overlap of children who are both poor and deprived is 29% of all children, hence not all children who are deprived are living in poor households as defined by the national poverty line. Only 58% of children who are deprived live in poor households. Similarly, only 62% of children in poor households are multidimensionally deprived. Consequently, policies that are targeted exclusively on monetary poverty will miss children who are deprived. Across regions in Mali the correlation between deprivation and poverty rates is uneven. The highest monetary poverty rate is in Sikasso (86%) where the child deprivation rate is around the national average. On the other hand, regions with the highest deprivation rates (Kidal, Tombouctou) have poverty rates of only 16% and 33% respectively. These patterns are related to the level of services available for families with children in each region and underscore the fact that low levels of poverty do not automatically translate into reductions in child deprivation. The relationship between being deprived and monetary poverty is strongest in rural areas for all age groups. An increase of USD 1 per person per day would reduce the probability of being deprived by 25 percentage points in rural areas. The specific dimensions most strongly linked with income are health for younger children and education for older children. Beyond income, maternal education is an important determinant of childhood deprivation, especially in rural areas. Children 0-59 months in rural areas whose mothers have attained secondary schooling are 21 percentage points less likely to be deprived; the comparable figure for older children 5-17 years of age is 20 percentage points.

School Feeding or General Food Distribution?

Jun 2018
Working Paper
Elisabetta Aurino, Jean-Pierre Tranchant, Amadou Sekou Diallo and Aulo Gelli

We rely on a unique pre-crisis baseline and five-year follow-up to investigate the effects of emergency school feeding and general food distribution (GFD) on children’s schooling during conflict in Mali. We estimate programme impact on child enrolment, absenteeism and attainment by combining difference in differences with propensity score matching. School feeding led to increases in enrolment by 11 percentage points and to about an additional half-year of completed schooling. Attendance among boys residing in households receiving GFD, however, declined by about 20 per cent over the comparison group. Disaggregating by conflict intensity showed that receipt of any programme led to rises in enrolment mostly in high-intensity conflict areas and that the negative effects of GFD on attendance were also concentrated in the most affected areas. Conversely, school feeding mostly raised attainment among children residing in areas not in the immediate vicinity of the conflict. Programme receipt triggered adjustments in child labour. Thus, school feeding led to lower participation and time spent in work among girls, while GFD raised children’s labour, particularly among boys. The educational implications of food assistance should be considered in planning humanitarian responses to bridge the gap between emergency assistance and development by promoting children’s education.

The Impact of the Increase in Food Prices on Child Poverty and the Policy Response in Mali

Dec 2009
Working Paper
Sami Bibi, John Cockburn, Massa Coulibaly and Luca Tiberti
Since 2006, Mali has experienced the full effects of the global food crisis, with price increases of up to 67%. This study presents simulations of the impacts of this crisis and a number of policy responses with respect to the welfare of children. The impacts are analyzed in terms of monetary (food) poverty, nutrition, education, child labor and access to health services of children. According to simulations, food poverty among children would have increased from 41% to 51%, with a corresponding rise in caloric insufficiency from 32% to 40%, while the impacts on school participation, work and access to health services would have been relatively weak. To prepare an adequate response, the government should start by identifying the poor individuals who are to be protected, based on a limited number of easily observed sociodemographic characteristics. A method of targeting these individuals is proposed in this study. However, simulations show that with targeting about one quarter of poor children would be erroneously excluded (under-coverage), while more than a third of non-poor children would be erroneously included (leakage). These identification errors, which increase in proportion with the extremity of poverty, reduce the impact and increase the cost of any public interventions. That having been said, it is important to note that leakage to the non-poor can nonetheless improve the conditions of children in terms of caloric intake, school participation, child labour and access to health services, none of which are exclusive to poor children. When targeting children or sub-groups of children by age, benefits will likely be deflected to some extent to other family members. Moreover, it is total household income, regardless of the member targeted, that determines decisions relating to child work, education or access to health services. School feeding programmes are found to be a particularly efficient policy in that they concentrate public funds exclusively on the consumption of highly nutritious foods, while cash transfers can be used by households for other purposes. Moreover, school feeding programmes are likely to have desirable effects on school participation and child labour. However, there are some caveats due to the fact that these programmes exclude children who do not attend school, the difficulty of exclusively targeting poor children and the possibility that child food rations at home will be proportionally reduced.

Gender Analysis of Labour Market Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa

Jul 2017
Working Paper
Virginie Comblon, Anne-Sophie Robilliard and François Roubaud

Using micro data from two recent labour force surveys collected in Cameroon and Mali, this paper explores gender differentials in labour market outcomes covering key areas such as occupational segregation, informality, part-time work and gender wage gaps. While women’s participation to the labour market is relatively high in Africa compared to other regions of the world, the examples of Cameroon and Mali suggest it varies significantly within the continent. The data also show that the differential between the two countries in terms of women’s participation is driven by the differential in education levels. The analysis also reveals that noticeable gender differences can be observed in the employment patterns: while men are more likely to be salaried workers, women are more often unpaid family workers. However, in both countries, informal employment is the norm for both sexes. Gender gaps in monthly earnings are found to be much bigger for self-employed than for wage workers, a result that is consistent with other studies. Although education of both women and men is likely to play an important role, social norms in general deserve to be studied more thoroughly in order to understand remaining differences and their evolution in a context of rising education levels.

Localizing Multidimensional Poverty Assessments for Inclusive Public Policies: The Case for a Communal Poverty Profile in Mali

Apr 2024
Working Paper
United Nations Development Programme and Ademonkoun Rodolphe Missinhoun
As in many developing countries, in Mali, generating reliable and up-to date data beyond national averages to uncover geographic and other inequalities is one of the major challenges for rigorous monitoring of progress towards achieving the SDGs. Mali’s National Observatory for Human Development has set up a mechanism to generate socio-economic and poverty metrics for 703 municipalities based on the small area estimation procedure. The generated metrics shed light on poverty inequalities among municipalities while providing information on SDG acceleration integrated policies. This experience of data processing shows that existing data at the supra-communal level can be used to infer useful indicators that uncover the most deprived people, inform local development policies and offer reliable inputs for predictive modelling for anticipatory governance.

What Are the Main Barriers to Formalizing Paid Domestic Work? Lessons From Paraguay

Aug 2023
Working Paper
United Nations Development Programme, Gustavo Setrini, Tannya Mongelós, Georgina Hernández Rivas, Fernando Ovando, Claudia V. Montanía, Cristhian Parra, Mónica Ríos and Mónica Recalde
Paid domestic work employs many women in developing countries. Paraguay, where 94 percent of domestic workers are women and more than 90 percent of these jobs are informal, represents an extreme case of a problem that is common throughout the globe. These workers lack access to social security and generally endure precarious working conditions. What are the different legal, institutional, social and gender barriers that prevent domestic workers from having greater access to social security? Drawing on different sources of data from Paraguay, including the voices of both domestic workers and their employers, this study shows how persistently low levels of social security coverage in this sector are a product of complex interlocking factors: discriminatory cultural and gender beliefs, lack of accurate information and knowledge about social security, the low bargaining power of informal domestic workers and the low capacity for labour inspection that prevail in the sector. Based on these observations, the conclusions lay out guidelines to design integrated public policies for the sector’s formalization.
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