Turkménistan
Turkmenistan
janv. 2015
Chapter
Reply to the United Nations national accounts questionnaire from the Statistics Department, Nukua'ofa. The latest data for Turkmenistan was received through the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE).
Environmental monitoring, information, public participation and education
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
Over the past two decades, Turkmenistan has managed to maintain its observation network for assessment of environmental pollution and its impact on air, water and soil quality, and biodiversity. Nevertheless, there remains a need to strengthen environmental monitoring, and many further actions are required. Among these actions are further improving data management and information-sharing to strengthen evidence-based decision-making, modernizing technical equipment to enhance monitoring capacity, and providing the general public with free access to environmental information in order to raise public awareness and encourage a conscientious approach to environmental problems.
Biodiversity and protected areas
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
The landscapes of Turkmenistan are dominated by the lowland deserts and xeric shrublands of the Karakum Desert, which account for some 79 per cent of the country’s area (Figure 10.1). Although the medium-height mountainous areas of Kopetdag, Badkhyz, Balkhan and Kugitang occupy only 2 per cent of the territory, they harbour two thirds of the country’s species. The alluvial plain of the Amu Darya River in the north-east includes significant tugai forests. There are also lakes (many temporary) and smaller rivers, most of which end blindly in the Karakum Desert or are entirely used for irrigation. Anthropogenic landscapes include oases and the 1,445 km Karakum Canal. All of the landscape types comprise a variety of ecosystems with their specific flora and fauna (Map 10.1).
International cooperation
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
Between 1993 and 2010, Turkmenistan acceded to or ratified nine major MEAs. Turkmenistan has shown pragmatism with regard to the pace of ratification. It opted for a sensible rhythm, thereby allowing the country to address implementation tasks.
Economic instruments and financing of environmental protection
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
Turkmenistan has experienced strong and sustained economic expansion over the past decade. According to official statistics, real GDP rose at an average annual rate of nearly 13 per cent during 2000-2010. Rapid economic growth led to a considerable increase in average real per capita income, which tripled over this period. The World Bank classifies Turkmenistan as a middle-income country. The production and export of hydrocarbons, especially natural gas, has become the major engine of growth, accounting for 90 per cent of total merchandise exports in 2008. Another important driver of economic growth in recent years has been construction activity (residential and office buildings and other public infrastructure). Turkmenistan is also a major exporter of cotton. As the economy relies on hydrocarbon resources to a very large extent, diversification of economic activity is a major policy priority. The goal of diversification of industrial activity is complemented by the target of achieving self-sufficiency in food supply.
Waste management
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
Since its independence, Turkmenistan has paid increased attention to environmental management, including waste management, although important work is still necessary in order to ensure that waste management in Turkmenistan reaches international standards. Certain steps in that direction are being undertaken. For example, increased attention is given to the organization of reliable waste collection and materials recovery. Waste generation decreases in connection with industry modernization, and as international companies in the oil sector introduce new standards in relation to waste. Furthermore, territories within Turkmenistan have been cleared of toxic waste, mostly pesticides, by the State Concern TurkmenChemistry.
Climate change
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
Turkmenistan ratified the UNFCCC in 1995 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 (Chapter 4). It submitted its Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Second National Communication in 2010.
Preface
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
The Review of Turkmenistan began in November 2010 with the preparatory mission, during which the final structure of the report was established. Thereafter, the review team of international experts was constituted. It included experts from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine, together with experts from the secretariat of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).
Air quality management
Main Title:
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
mai 2013
Chapter
Air quality in Turkmenistan is mostly influenced by the geographical character of the country (deserts and semi-deserts which represent 80 per cent of the total area, and seashore), very low air humidity and generally good dispersion conditions. One specific problem lies in the increasing areas which are saline and polluted by dust blowing from the dried seabed of the Aral Sea to Dashoguz Province. Of the total agricultural land (40.2 million ha), more than 1.7 million ha (4.2 per cent) are affected by increasingly frequent salt dust storms.
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