International venturing and investment: global citizens and golden visas

Countries attract foreign investors, “entrants”, to invest and venture by employing policy programmes and marketing strategies. Country attractiveness for foreign investors relates to international competitiveness. Instruments building a formal status, such as golden visas and citizenship, are used to attract individual foreign investors and their families. These are often cosmopolitan people, i.e. global citizens but also global diasporans. They contribute to the economy, ideas and transnational entrepreneurial ecosystems. These policy instruments are criticized partly due to missing legitimacy, partly due to concerns about geopolitics and international crime. However, diasporic investors manifest different motivations and commitments, making them particular. This study examines what kind of investor programmes are offered to different foreign migrant investors and whether they address diasporic ties. It presents a country comparison of investor policy pathways towards citizenship. It contributes to the literature on migrant investment and policymaking.