Climate Action
الأنهار الجليدية تحت المراقبة التصيع ة
مع تزايد كلفة استقطاع العيّّنات وذوبان الجليد، لجأ العلماء إلى الأقمار الصناعية، والغوّّاصات الآلية، والحفّّارات بالماء الساخن، والطّّائرات بدون طيّاّر، لفحص الغلاف الجليدي.
Les traditions bousculées par le réchauffement
La fonte des glaciers n’inquiète pas seulement les scientifiques, elle affecte aussi la vie culturelle et spirituelle des populations autochtones des montagnes.
La tecnología al servicio de los glaciares en China
En la carrera contra el deshielo de los glaciares, China recurre a soluciones innovadoras para desacelerar el proceso tales como la utilización de nanomateriales o la producción de nieve artificial.
道格拉斯· 哈迪：“无论从审美角度还是 从科学观点来看，乞 力马扎罗山都是令人神 往的地方”
尽管20 世纪曾有多位科学家做过悲观的预测，但坦桑尼亚乞力马扎罗山上的冰川至今依然存在。不过与1912 年对冰川进行首次全面勘测时相比，目前的冰川表面积已经减少了91%。美国马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校的冰川和气候问题专家道格拉斯·哈迪（DouglasHardy） 认为，乞力马扎罗冰川的消失已是在所难免。
观点：珍·古道尔 :“我们把火 箭送上了火星，可我们 未必算得上聪明”
珍·古道尔（Jane Goodall） 博士是享誉世界的英国动物行为学家和人类学家，因其对人类与动物，特别是人与黑猩猩之间的关系进行开创性研究而闻名于世。2024 年10 月19 日，这位极具影响力的环保活动家在联合国教科文组织巴黎总部发表演讲。联合国教科文组织《信使》摘录了古道尔博士此次演讲的部分内容。在这部分内容中，她讲述了多年来为保护野生 动物付出的努力，同时表达了促进和平与传播希望的信念。
Les primates, indispensables habitants de la forêt africaine
Sanctuaires de biodiversité, les forêts africaines abritent la plus grande diversité de primates au monde. Mais ces créatures intelligentes et sociales sont aujourd’hui fortement menacées par la déforestation et le braconnage. Il est donc urgent d’accroître les efforts de conservation pour préserver ces trésors naturels que sont les forêts et leurs habitants emblématiques.
In depth: Indigenous cultures: At the heart of diversity
Indigenous peoples, who make up just about 5 per cent of the global population yet own, occupy and use more than a quarter of the world’s land area, are essential for cultural diversity but face increasing threats. It is estimated that half of the world’s approximately 7,000 languages will disappear by 2100. Most of these are Indigenous languages. UNESCO has been at the forefront of efforts and initiatives to protect Indigenous communities and their unique knowledge since the last century.
Central Asia, a region of high priority
In Kyrgyzstan, as in the rest of the region, the melting glaciers are having a substantial impact on mountain populations facing water scarcity.
嘉宾：塞尔瓦·阿尔马达：“我听到的，我在街上 看到的，我的记忆和我 读过的书，都在影响着 我的写作”
阿根廷文学界主要集中在这个国家的首都，可作家塞尔瓦·阿尔马达（Selva Almada） 却自称是“内陆”人，她是在外省长大的。2024 年，阿尔马达入围了著名的布克奖提名。她是阿根廷文坛上最有影响力的作家之一，作品被译成多种语言。她还是南美地区最有影响力的女权主义知识分子。
Décryptage: Les cultures autochtones au cœur de la diversité
Les peuples autochtones, qui ne représentent que 5 % environ de la population mondiale, détiennent, occupent et font usage de plus d’un quart des terres émergées de la planète. Essentiels à la diversité culturelle, ils sont pourtant de plus en plus menacés. On estime que la moitié des quelque 7 000 langues du monde auront disparu d’ici 2100. La plupart d’entre elles sont des langues autochtones. Depuis le siècle dernier, l’UNESCO est à l’avant-garde des mesures et des initiatives visant à protéger les populations autochtones et leurs savoirs uniques.
L’Asie centrale en première ligne
Au Kirghizistan, comme dans toute la région, la fonte des glaciers a des conséquences très concrètes sur les populations des montagnes confrontées au manque d’eau.
Traditions shaken by global warming
Scientists are not the only ones concerned by the melting of the glaciers. The cultural and spiritual life of indigenous mountain populations is also impacted.
¿Ver el glaciar islandés Vatnajökull y luego morir?
El turismo de Islandia se enfrenta a un futuro incierto a medida que sus glaciares se van fundiendo. La isla nórdica se afana en buscar un equilibrio saludable entre preservación y beneficio, en plena era del “turismo de última oportunidad”.
扎里亚·福尔曼：“我希望画出极地冰 的壮美与脆弱”
美国艺术家扎里亚·福尔曼（Zaria Forman）曾跟随美国国家航空航天局（NASA）执行任务，记录地球极地冰川的变化。她的大幅粉彩画为科学家的观测提供了补充，将冰川景观的脆弱之美展现得栩栩如生。
Zoom: Jesse Marlow : l’inattendu est au coin de la rue
Anything Can Happen and Probably Will (Tout peut arriver, et c’est probablement ce qui se passera) : le titre de la série du photographe australien Jesse Marlow ne pourrait mieux qualifier les clichés glanés au gré de ses déambulations à Melbourne et à Sydney. Chacune des images est en effet le début d’une histoire, un récit esquissé dont la suite est laissée à l’imagination du spectateur. Un passant distrait, quelques feuilles échouées sur le trottoir ou une silhouette courbée par le vent font de la ville une scène éphémère où l’incongru le dispute au poétique.
Primates, indispensable inhabitants of the African forest
Sanctuaries of biodiversity, the African forests are home to the greatest diversity of primates in the world. But these intelligent, social creatures are under serious threat from deforestation and poaching. Therefore, we must step up conservation efforts to protect these natural treasures – forests and their emblematic inhabitants.
Glaciers under close surveillance
Scientists are increasingly turning to satellites, robot submarines, hot water drills, and drones to monitor the cryosphere since collecting samples is becoming more costly and dangerous.
Les glaciers, témoins fragiles du changement climatique
Les glaciers fondent à une vitesse alarmante. Et c’est tout sauf une bonne nouvelle pour la planète. L’afflux d’eau issu des glaciers provoque notamment un dérèglement du cycle de l’eau et une élévation du niveau de la mer qui menace les zones côtières. L’Année internationale de la préservation des glaciers, décrétée par les Nations Unies pour 2025, est l’occasion d’analyser les conséquences de ce phénomène majeur qui ne pourra être jugulé efficacement que par une baisse significative des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
Douglas Hardy: “El Kilimanjaro es fascinante tanto estética como científicamente”
En contra de lo que vaticinaron muchos especialistas durante el siglo XX, los glaciares del Kilimanjaro, en Tanzania, siguen existiendo. Sin embargo, desde que fueron cartografiados por primera vez en 1912, han perdido el 91% de su superficie. Para Douglas Hardy, especialista en glaciares y clima de la Universidad de Massachusetts Amherst, en Estados Unidos,, su desaparición es inevitable.
Ideas: Jane Goodall: “Hemos enviado un cohete a Marte, pero no somos inteligentes”
La etóloga y antropóloga británica Dra. Jane Goodall es mundialmente conocida por sus investigaciones pioneras sobre las relaciones entre humanos y animales, particularmente chimpancés. El 19 de octubre de 2024, la destacada activista medioambiental habló en la sede de la UNESCO en París. El Correo reproduce unos extractos de su discurso, en el que explica su lucha por preservar la vida de los animales salvajes al tiempo que transmite un mensaje de paz y esperanza.
تقاليد الشعوب الأصلية تهتزّ تحت تأثيرالاحتباس الحراري
إن ذوبان الأنهار الجليدية لا يثير قلق العلماء فحسب، بل يؤثّّر أيضًًا على الحياة الثقافية والرّّوحية لسكان الجبال الأصليين.
Global Waste Management Outlook
The Global Waste Management Outlook is the first comprehensive, impartial and in-depth assessment of global waste management. It reflects the collective body of recent scientific knowledge, drawing on the work of leading experts and the vast body of research undertaken within and beyond the United Nations system. The six chapters inform the reader about trends, provide an analysis on governance and financial mechanisms, and offer policy advice on the way forward. The main document targeting professionals is accompanied by two summary documents, one for decision makers and the other for the public more broadly. This Global Waste Management Outlook offers a profound analysis of the enormous potential better waste management provides to assist in meeting the sustainability challenges ahead.
Mobility Management: A Guide of International Good Practices
This study was prepared under the umbrella of the Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme (THE PEP). It is directly related to the achievement of Priority Goal 2: "Manage sustainable mobility and promote a more efficient transport system” which describes what is managed mobility and how it can help local, regional and national authorities to achieve their urban traffic and congestion reduction goals.
Migration and Climate Change
This report focuses on the possible future scenarios for climate change, natural disasters and migration and development, looking to increase awareness and find answers to the challenges that lie ahead. It states that even though it is defined as growing crisis, the consequences of climate change for human population are unclear and unpredictable. The study points out that scientific basis for climate change is increasingly well established, and confirms that current predictions as to the “carrying capacity” in large parts of the world will be compromised by climate change.
Integrating Environmental Sustainability and Disaster Resilience in Building Codes
Guidance on Land-Use Planning, the Siting of Hazardous Activities and Related Safety Aspects
The guidance aims to assist Parties in more effectively mitigating the effects of possible industrial accidents and the consequences on human health, the environment and cultural heritage within countries and across borders. The general guidance (Part A) does this by sharing examples and pointing to good practices of countries’ efforts in the UNECE region to integrate industrial safety considerations into environmental assessment and land-use planning processes. It also highlights the important interlinkages, synergies and complementarities between these and other instruments, including the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), aiming to assist competent authorities and practitioners in applying the provisions. This is supplemented by the technical guidance (Part B), which focuses on the risk aspects.
Guidance on water and adaptation to climate change
Guidance Document on Emission Control Techniques for Mobile Sources under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
The guidance document on emission control techniques for mobile sources aims to provide Parties with guidance in identifying the best abatement options for mobile emission sources, with particular reference to best available techniques, so as to assist them in meeting the obligations of the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone.
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (As Amended on 27 February 2001 and on 4 June 2004)
Environmental threats do not respect national borders. Governments have realized that to avert this danger they must notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that might have adverse environmental impact across borders. The Espoo Convention is a key step to bringing together all stakeholders to prevent environmental damage before it occurs. The Convention entered into force in 1997. It was complemented by the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kyiv, 2003). The publication contains the English, French and Russian versions of the text of the 1997 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, as amended on 27 February 2001 and on 4 June 2004, further to the entry into force of the 2004 amendment on 23 October 2017.
SIDS-Focused Green Economy: An Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities
Report of the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme Second Session (Nairobi, 23-27 May 2016)
This is the official record of the Report of the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme on the Second session (Nairobi, 23-27 May 2016)
Second Review of Implementation of the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (2013-2015)
This publication presents the Second Review of Implementation of the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention). It examines responses to a questionnaire on implementation of the Protocol by countries in the period 2013–2015. The Espoo Convention sets out the obligations to assess the environmental impact of certain activities at an early stage of decision making. It also lays down the general obligation for parties to notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across national borders. The purpose of the Espoo Convention is to enhance international cooperation and allow environmentally sound decisions to be made, paying careful attention to minimising significant adverse impacts, particularly in a transboundary context.
Pуководящий документ по методам ограничения выбросов из мобильных источников в рамках Конвенции о трансграничном загрязнении воздуха на большие расстояния
The guidance document on emission control techniques for mobile sources aims to provide Parties with guidance in identifying the best abatement options for mobile emission sources, with particular reference to best available techniques, so as to assist them in meeting the obligations of the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone.
Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2016
The Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean presents a set of basic statistics that characterize the economic, sociodemographic and environmental situation of the region in relation to a particular period. This information is part of the set of statistics available at CEPALSTAT, the database portal and statistical publications of ECLAC.
Updated Handbook for the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols
The UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted in 1979, is the first international legally binding instrument to address problems of air pollution on a broad regional basis. Initially focused on problems of acidification and eutrophication, it now addresses a wider array of pollutants including ground-level ozone, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and, most recently, particulate matter. This Handbook contains the most recent versions of the Convention's eight protocols as these have been amended and/or adjusted to maintain their relevance to the work of the Convention and to accommodate new Parties.
World Economic Report 1948
World Economic Report 1948 assembles a considerable volume of post-war economic data relating to all regions of the world not hitherto available within the compass of a single study. The Report aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the world economic situation in 1948, and to indicate major economic problems and prospects as at the end of the year. In addition, present economic conditions in various areas of the world are compared with those which prevailed before the war. Particular attention is drawn to certain significant economic trends during 1948 and the early months of 1949 which appear to call for national and international action.
World Economic Report 1949–1950
World Economic Report 1949-50 analyses major developments in domestic economic conditions and international economic relations during 1949 and the first half of 1950, with some preliminary comments on tendencies since mid-1950. The Report also presents a discussion of two special problems: the factors underlying the persistent dollar deficits in a large part of the world prior to 1949 and the relationship between the currency devaluation of 1949 and subsequent developments in international trade.
World Economic Report 1950–1951
World Economic Report 1951-52 highlights the major domestic economic changes in economically developed private enterprise economies, centrally planned economies and selected countries of Latin America and the Far East. The Report also studies the changes in international trade and payments in several major economic powers. From 1950 to 1952, these took place in a context of continuing international disequilibrium.
World Economic Report 1951–1952
World Economic Report 1951-52 highlights the major domestic economic changes in economically developed private enterprise economies, centrally planned economies and selected countries of Latin America and the Far East. The Report also studies the changes in international trade and payments in several major economic powers. From 1950 to 1952, these took place in a context of continuing international disequilibrium.
World Economic Report 1952–1953
World Economic Report 1952-53 analyses major changes in domestic economic conditions and international trade and payments from 1950 to 1953, with special emphasis on developments in 1952 and 1953. The introduction surveys current economic problems in the light of economic developments since the Second World War. The Report also highlights changes in international trade and payments and in the external transactions of countries which, for the most part, are exporters of manufactured products or of primary commodities, as well as of countries with centrally planned economies.
World Economic Report 1953–1954
World Economic Report 1953-54 analyses recent major changes in domestic economic conditions and in international trade and payments, with special emphasis on developments in 1953 and 1954. The Report reviews the economic developments in three broad groups of countries: economically developed private enterprise economies, centrally planned economies and economically underdeveloped private enterprise economies.
World Economic Survey 1963
Part one: Trade and Development: Trends, Needs and Policies, presents the second series of papers prepared for discussion at the second session (May–June 1963) of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, to be convened in 1964. These papers addressed the broad issue of trade as an instrument for economic development of the developing countries. Part two: Current Economic Developments, highlights the fairly vigorous pace of world economic growth in 1963 and early 1964, which has been more widespread among countries and more uniform among the major regions than in previous years. The primary producing countries as a whole benefited from the strengthening of world commodity markets and from better terms of trade. Part two contains an annex that summarizes the changes in the world primary commodity situation during the period 1962/63-1963/64.
World Economic Survey 1965
Part one: The Financing for Development, deals with an issue that has been a matter of long-standing concern in various United Nations bodies, namely the financing of economic development. The Survey discusses the problem of increasing the volume of savings available to the developing countries, examining trends and sources of savings in the period 1953-1955 to 1962-1964. Finally, the Survey offers a perspective on economic development financing. Part two: Current Economic Developments, discusses the economic events of 1965 and early 1966, summarizing the principal developments in the world economies, including the major developments in the industrially advanced market economies that led to the adoption of disinflationary policy in some and deterioration in the external balance in others. The Survey also highlights the current developments in the centrally planned countries and reviews the new five-year plans of economic development.
World Economic Survey 1966
Part one: Implementation of Development Plans: Problems and Experience, offers a series of papers dealing with problems and experience in the implementation of development plans. The subject of plan implementation has figured prominently in recent discussions in international forums. The Survey reviews certain aspects of the experience of the centrally planned economies that may be relevant to the problems of plan implementation in developing countries. Part two: Current Economic Developments, covers the economic events of 1966 and early 1967, summarizing the principal developments in the world economies, including trade and production in all major regions, as well as institutional changes in the centrally planned countries. Furthermore, the Survey analyses the specific difficulties currently faced by developing countries.
World Economic Survey 1967
Part one: The Problems and Policies of Economic Development: An Appraisal of Recent Experience, examines the principal features of economic progress of developing countries during the period 1955 to 1965. As part of the preparatory work for a second United Nations Development Decade, this review seeks to draw pertinent lessons from the recent experience relating to problems and policies of economic development. Part two: Current Economic Developments, highlights the main features of the world economic situation. The Survey covers the growth of output in 1967 and early 1968, and examines several topics of current concern in the field of international monetary and trade policy, including, inter alia, the devaluation of the pound sterling, reform of the international monetary system, implications of the Kennedy round and trends in regional integration. It further discusses changes in the methods of planning and management in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Eastern Europe.
World Economic Survey 1968
Part one: Some Issues of Development Policy in the Coming Decade, discusses problems and policies relating to the prospective growth of population, employment and educational requirements. It also examines policies for the acceleration of agricultural and industrial growth in the coming decade, analysing the increase in domestic and external resources required for this acceleration and considering the implication for policies of both developing and developed countries. Part two: Current Economic Developments, reviews the recent trend in the world economy, analysing the developments in 1968 and offering an outlook for 1969 as it appeared in the middle of the year.
World Economic Survey 1973
Part one: Population and Development. This report is the twenty-fifth in a series of comprehensive reviews of world economic conditions published by the United Nations. On the occasion of the World Population Year (1974), part one of World Economic Survey 1973 examines the recent interrelationships between demographic change and the process of socio-economic development. Part two: Current Economic Developments, presents and overview of world production and trade and analyses the three main features of the global economic scene in 1973—the rise in commodity prices, the world food situation and the world energy situation. It also examines the recent economic developments affecting the supply and use of resources and the state of internal and external balance in the world.
World Economic Survey 1980-1981
World Economic Survey 1980-1981 discusses the deterioration in the performance of the world economy in 1980, which was accompanied by a marked slowdown in the expansion of world trade, worsened imbalances in current accounts and an acceleration in the pace of inflation. Although some recovery in growth rates is anticipated beginning in late 1981, the pace is not expected to be vigorous. The poorer medium-term trend that has been in evidence since the mid-1970s is thus likely to continue.
World Economic Survey 1964
Part one: Development Plans: Appraisal of Targets and Progress in Developing Countries, reviews the experience gained and the techniques used by different countries in planning for economic development. It focuses attention on development plans in the developing countries. The Survey provides an overall view of the main characteristics of these plans; by tracing the interrelationships between the targets established in the plans, it brings out a number of important differences as well as certain similarities in the strategies proposed by various countries. According to Part two: Current Economic Developments, the main challenges facing developed market economies are the use of incomes policies for internal stabilization and the difficulties facing the international monetary system in the light of the payments imbalances of the reserve currency countries. Meanwhile, a number of developing countries are struggling with the problem of agricultural lag and food supply and difficulties in maintaining internal balance. The Survey further highlights changes under way in the internal economic management of the centrally planned economies and the challenges of economic integration among the countries of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance.
World humanitarian data and trends 2013
World humanitarian data and trends 2014
World Humanitarian Data and Trends 2015
World Humanitarian Data and Trends 2016
World Humanitarian Data and Trends is an annual OCHA publication, which highlights major trends in the nature of humanitarian crises, their underlying causes and drivers, and the actors that participate in crises prevention, response and recovery. Beyond providing statistics, the report uses infographics to display trend analyses that show how the humanitarian landscape is evolving and how the humanitarian system can be more effective in a rapidly changing world. Data used in the report comes from a variety of sources and partners. The report is structured in three main sections: 'the year in review', which provides an overview of the humanitarian landscape in terms of funding, capacity, crises and appeals, a ‘regional perspectives’ section and ‘trends, challenges and opportunities’, which provides case studies on issues that impact humanitarian operations. The report is anchored in the Agenda for Humanity, launched at the World Humanitarian Summit held in May 2016. Highlights for 2016 include a new case studies on the development profile of people in humanitarian need, the protection of healthcare in emergencies, gender-based violence, disability in humanitarian action and financing local actors. The report aims to provide a "one-stop" shop for policy makers, researchers and humanitarian practitioners to have an evidence-base and advocacy tools for humanitarian assistance. This report is one part of OCHA's efforts to improve data and analysis on humanitarian situations worldwide.
World Economic Survey 1959
World Economic Survey 1959 reviews the year, which witnessed new peaks in world production and incomes following the recovery from the 1957/1958 recession in the United States and the cessation of growth in 1958 in western Europe. The Survey also analyses the investment trends and policies in the 1950s and provides an economic outlook for 1960.
World Economic Survey 1961
World Economic Survey 1961 focuses on industrialization and economic development, following the request by the Committee for Industrial Development for a review of industrialization in underdeveloped countries during the 1950s. The Survey also examines recent trends in the world economy, analysing the recent situation in the industrially advanced private enterprise economies. Special attention is paid to the recovery in North America and to the slackening of economic growth in western Europe and Japan.
World Economic Survey 1958
In part one of World Economic Survey 1958, attention is focused on international commodity issues and policies in the post-war period. The Survey analyses trends and fluctuations in world trade of primary commodities, national and international commodity policies, and issues of primary commodities in the centrally planned economies. Part two of the Survey examines the recent events in the world economy, paying special attention to the recovery from recessionary trends, and provides an economic outlook for 1959.
World Economic Survey 1956
World Economic Survey 1956 is devoted to a study of balance of payments problems during the post-war period. It reviews the worldwide balance-of-payments experience since the war, the changes in the network of international balances and the pattern of international settlements. Furthermore, the post-war forces shaping the balance of payments of the primary producing countries are studied. The Survey also analyses recent events in the world economy, giving special attention to the factors underlying economic expansion in 1956 and the role of policy in promoting stability and growth. Finally, it provides an economic outlook for 1957.
World Economic Survey 1962
Part one: The Developing Countries in World Trade, presents the first series of papers prepared for discussion at the second session (May-June 1963) of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, to be convened in 1964. These papers addressed the broad issue of trade as an instrument for economic development of the developing countries. Part two: Current Economic Developments, the advances in production during 1962 were more moderate than in earlier years in many parts of the world, and frequently disappointed expectations. The rising trend in output, however, was well maintained in the early months of 1963, and the immediate outlook continued to be generally favourable. For the underdeveloped countries, the recovery from recession in North America, combined with some restocking in western Europe, favoured their export trade in 1962.
World Economic Survey 1957
World Economic Survey 1957 examines the problem of inflation, analysing its nature as well as recent governmental anti-inflationary policies, with particular emphasis on the role of monetary policies. Both demand and cost elements, as well as the significance of monetary factors are reviewed. The Survey also highlights recent events in the world economy, paying special attention to the factors underlying the recessionary trends that emerged in 1957, and provides an economic outlook for 1958.
World Economic Survey 1955
World Economic Survey 1955 reviews the growth of production and trade in private enterprise economies and the centrally planned economies during the first post-war decade. The introduction examines some of the major problems of balanced growth encountered since the war. The Survey also highlights recent developments in the world economy, covering the recent situation in industrially advanced and primary producing private enterprise economies, as well as in the centrally planned economies. The Survey briefly assesses the economic outlook at the beginning of 1956.
Recommendations on Measuring Hazardous Events and Disasters
The Recommendations clarify the role of national statistical offices and other members of national statistical systems in providing information related to hazardous events and disasters, and identify practical steps needed for these organisations, in coordination with national agencies responsible for disaster risk management, to better support disaster risk management efforts. The Recommendations have been prepared by the UNECE Task Force on Measuring Extreme Events and Disasters, composed of Armenia, Italy (Chair), New Zealand, Republic of Moldova, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey, and the following international organisations: UN ECLAC; European Space Agency (ESA), Eurostat, FAO, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, UNECE, UN ESCAP, UNISDR, WHO and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Furthermore, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) participated in the work of the Task Force.
Commodities at a Glance
The series “Commodities at a Glance” aims to collect, present and disseminate accurate and relevant statistical information linked to international primary commodity markets in a clear, concise and reader-friendly format.
Emissions Gap Report 2018
This 9th edition of the UN Environment Emissions Gap Report assesses the latest scientific studies on current and estimated future greenhouse gas emissions and compares these with the emission levels permissible for the world to progress on a least-cost pathway to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. This difference between “where we are likely to be and where we need to be” is known as the ‘emissions gap’. As in previous years, the report explores some of the most important options available for countries to bridge the gap.
Deuxième Examen de l’Application du Protocole relatif à l’Évaluation Stratégique Environnementale (2013-2015)
Lors de sa troisième session (Minsk, 13-16 juin 2017), la Réunion des Parties au Protocole a accueilli avec satisfaction les rapports des Parties sur leur application du Protocole et a adopté le Deuxième examen de l’application,4 tel que présenté dans la présente publication. Les Parties ont également convenu de répéter l’exercice d’examen de l’application avant la quatrième session de la Réunion des Parties au Protocole. Enfin, la Réunion des Parties a pris note des conclusions de l’examen (présentées à la section I B de l’examen) et a demandé au Comité d’application de la Convention et du Protocole de tenir compte des questions de conformité générales et spécifiques identifiées dans l’examen lors de l’évaluation par les Parties du respect de leurs obligations en vertu du Protocole.
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Transport Networks and Nodes
This report presents the analyses of several climate variables relevant to transport networks and nodes within the ECE region. Regional maps have been produced in Geographical Information System (GIS) format, showing the main transportation networks, which have been overlain by the spatial distribution of the climate change projections, thereby presenting an initial perspective of areas of potential risk which could warrant more in-depth assessment. The Group of Experts has also reviewed and presented country experiences in the form of case studies, demonstrating a range of efforts that have been undertaken to analyse climate change impacts on transport assets and operations. With its work, the Group of Experts wishes to raise awareness on the importance of considering climate change and extreme weather (for example, in planning, construction, maintenance and operations) and of strengthening the climate resilience of inland transport assets, networks and nodes. It also aims to stimulate the continuation of work to establish the necessary analytical basis to facilitate local or regional assessments, leading to the identification of specific transport assets at risk which may require adaptation efforts. The Group of Experts, within this report, also formulated a series of lessons learned which have served as a basis to recommend future action at national and international levels towards improved transportation system climate resilience.
Document d’orientation sur l’aménagement du territoire, le choix des sites d’activités dangereuses et les aspects de sécurité s’y rapportant
Le document d’orientation vise à aider les Parties à atténuer plus efficacement les effets d’éventuels accidents industriels et leurs conséquences sur la santé humaine, l’environnement et le patrimoine culturel au sein de ces pays et au-delà de leurs frontières. Pour ce faire, le document d’orientation général (Partie A) partage des exemples et en soulignant les bonnes pratiques des pays de la région de la CEE afin d’intégrer les considérations de sécurité industrielle dans leur processus d’évaluation environnementale et de planification de l’aménagement du territoire. Il souligne également les interconnexions, synergies et complémentarités importantes entre ces instruments et d’autres, notamment la Convention CEE sur l’accès à l’information, la participation du public au processus décisionnel et l’accès à la justice en matière environnementale (Convention d’Aarhus) dans l’application des dispositions. Ceci est complété par des conseils techniques (partie B), qui mettent l’accent sur les aspects du risque.
Document d’orientation sur les techniques de lutte contre les émissions pour les sources mobiles dans le cadre de la Convention sur la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière à longue distance
Le document d’orientation sur les techniques de lutte contre les émissions pour les sources mobiles a pour objectif de fournir aux Parties des orientations quant aux moyens de déterminer les meilleures options envisageables pour réduire les émissions provenant de sources mobiles, compte tenu en particulier des meilleures techniques disponibles, de manière à les aider à s’acquitter des obligations découlant du Protocole de 1999 relatif à la réduction de l’acidification, de l’eutrophisation et de l’ozone troposphérique.
Best Practice Guidance for Effective Methane Recovery and Use from Abandoned Coal Mines
Coal production, transportation, storage and use account for roughly 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas with a 100-year global warming potential 25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2) and a 100-year global temperature potential 6-fold greater than CO2, once released from coal seams in which it is trapped creates number of problems even after cessation of mining activities. Following mine closure, methane emissions decrease, but do not stop completely. They initially decline, but can later stabilize and maintain a near-constant rate for an extended period of time. The document presents recommended principles and standards for effective methane recovery and use from abandoned coal mines in a clear and succinct way, providing decision-makers with a solid base of understanding from which to direct policy and commercial decisions. The Best Practice Guidance does not replace or supersede laws and regulations or other legally binding instruments, whether national or international. The principles outlined therein are intended to complement existing legal and regulatory frameworks and to support development of safer and more effective practices where industry practice and regulation continue to evolve. At the same time, being envisioned primarily as a tool to support performance- and principle-based regulatory programmes, the Best Practice Guidance can also complement more prescriptive regulation and support transition to performance-based regulation.
Energy Statistics Yearbook 2017
In this publication, annual data for 230 countries and areas for the period 2014 to 2017 are presented on production, trade and consumption of energy: solids, liquids, gaseous fuels, electricity and heat, covering both renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. In addition, per capita consumption series are also provided for all energy products. Graphs are included to illustrate historic trends and/or changes in composition of production and/or consumption of major energy products.
Environmental Performance Reviews: Morocco
The present publication contains the Environmental Performance Review of Morocco. This report also covers 13 issues of importance to the country related to policymaking, planning and implementation, the financing of environmental policies and projects, and the integration of environmental concerns into economic sectors, in particular agriculture, energy, health, industry, biodiversity and protected areas, water and waste management. The Morocco review was notable as it is the first country outside of the region to request an EPR from ECE, and the process was undertaken in cooperation with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). The publication is aimed at officials and experts working for public authorities responsible for environmental policy, representatives of civil society, the business community, academia and the media.
Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkmenistan
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) carries out Environmental Performance Reviews (EPR) in its member States that are not members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in order to improve their environmental management by recommending ways to achieve better policy implementation. This first EPR of Turkmenistan covers 13 issues related to policymaking, planning and implementation, the financing of environmental policies and projects and the integration of environmental concerns into economic sectors, in particular the sustainable management and protection of water resources, waste management, air pollution, forestry, biodiversity and protected areas, energy and climate change.
Environmental Performance Reviews: Azerbaijan
Environmental Performance Reviews promote sustainable development throughout Europe. They present detailed studies on the environmental position of each country and examine the framework for environmental policy and management. This evaluation focuses on Azerbaijan.
Examen des performances environnementales: Maroc
La présente publication contient les résultats de l’EPE realisé par la CEE au Maroc. Cet EPE couvre également 13 questions d’importance pour le pays liées à l’élaboration des politiques, la planification et la mise en œuvre, le financement des politiques et projets environnementaux, et l’intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans les secteurs économiques, notamment l’agriculture, l’énergie, la santé, l’industrie, la biodiversité et les zones protégées, l’eau et la gestion des déchets. L’examen du Maroc est remarquable car il s’agit du premier pays en dehors de la région CEE à demander un EPE à la CEE, et le processus a été entrepris en coopération avec la CEA.
International Trade in Resources
A Biophysical Assessment
Tasked with building and sharing knowledge on how to improve management of the world’s resources, UNEP’s International Resource Panel (IRP) turns its attention to the world trading system and its implications for global resource efficiency. In this report entitled “International Trade in Resources: A biophysical assessment”, the IRP examines how efficient the current system of world trade is in distributing resources from the geographical locations of supply to the locations of demand. By examining trade from a biophysical (versus an economic) viewpoint, the authors of the report seek to assess whether or not trade allows commodities to be obtained from countries where their production requires fewer resources and generates a smaller amount of wastes and emissions.
Руководящие принципы «от слов к действиям»
Практическое руководство по осуществлению мер по борьбе со связанными с водой бедствиями и трансграничному сотрудничеству
The majority of disasters are water-related with the flow of freshwater mostly occurring in transboundary basins. This Words into Action Guide has been prepared by UNECE and UNISDR to support the implementation of the Sendai Framework. It aims to raise awareness on the importance of river basin management and transboundary cooperation in Disaster Risk Reduction, while taking into account climate change adaptation. It provides information on steps that governments in particular at the different levels can take to harness the values of river basin management and transboundary cooperation together with good practices and lessons learned in this field.
Trade and Environment Review 2003
The Trade and Development Review focuses on themes that are of particular interest to developing countries. In doing so it provides a forum for dialogue aimed at assisting developing countries in shaping their specific interest in the international trade and environment debate. The issues discussed in this publication are; trade obligations in multilateral environmental agreements, environmental goods and services, World Trade Organization and technical capacity building.
The Impacts of Climate Change and Related Changes in the Atmosphere on the Oceans
The Technical Abstract of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment on “The Impacts of Climate Change and Related Changes in the Atmosphere on the Oceans” is based upon the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment – World Ocean Assessment I – released in January 2016, and, in particular, upon the Summary of that Assessment, which was approved by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2015. It has been prepared in accordance with the programme of work for the period 2017-2020 for the second cycle of the Regular Process which was adopted by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process in August 2016 and endorsed by the General Assembly in December 2016. This provides for, inter alia, support for other ongoing ocean-related intergovernmental processes, including the preparation of Technical Abstracts specifically tailored to meet the needs of, among other intergovernmental processes, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (which, in 2017, focuses its discussions on the theme “The effects of climate change on oceans”). In this regard, the Technical Abstract provides a synthesis of the information in World Ocean Assessment I and does not introduce any new material or interpretation of the information presented in World Ocean Assessment I.
THE PEP Partnerships
Member States in the UNECE/WHO European Region established the Transport, Health and Environment Pan European Programme (THE PEP) in 2002. It is an intersectoral and intergovernmental policy framework and it aims to promote mobility and transport strategies that integrate environmental and health concerns. THE PEP has developed, over the years, implementation mechanisms to support the work of member States. One of those mechanisms comprises THE PEP Partnerships. THE PEP Partnerships provide a means by which member States and other stakeholders can work together in greater depth on specific issues and develop tools, methods and other resources to support policy implementation. This publication takes stock of the work done by the Partnerships, and the results achieved, and provides a clear basis for discussions on their future during the Fifth Meeting of the High-level Meeting on Transport, Health and Environment (Vienna, 22–24 October 2019).
اتفاقية المياه
الاستجابة لتحديات المياه العالمية
The Convention is designed to be applied in very different settings and conditions. It is implemented in water-rich as well as water-scarce countries. As the level of ambition of the implementation required is proportionate to the capacity and means of Parties, the Convention is ratified and implemented by countries with different levels of development. The Convention is based on equality and reciprocity. Therefore, it defends the rights and defines the obligations of both upstream and downstream countries.
District Energy in Cities
Unlocking the Potential of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
This guide collects and summarizes good practices on the successful mediation of resource conflicts. It draws on the field experiences of mediators and mediation experts, specifically those with natural resource expertise. It also features lessons learned from UNEP’s work on environmental diplomacy in different conflict-affected countries, with a particular focus on how to use impartial technical knowledge to equalize stakeholder information in a mediation process.
Рекомендации по Эффективной Практике в Отношении Применения Конвенции к Деятельности, Связанной с Ядерной Энергией
Конвенция об Оценке Воздействия на Окружающую Среду в Трансграничном Контексте (Конвенция Эспо)
Конвенция по Трансграничным Водам
Ответы на Глобальные Проблемы, Связанные с Водными Ресурсами
World Economic and Social Survey 2001
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
Part one. State of the World Economy: chronicles how the very positive developments in output and international trade, with reasonably buoyant levels of international finance for emerging markets for the first half of 2000, turned into retrenchment. The ongoing downturn in the business cycle in developed countries has been unusual in a number of respects when contrasted with previous downturns in the post-war period. Part two. A Globalizing World: Risks, Vulnerability and Opportunity: looks at some examples of vulnerability in the context of globalization, with the discussions focusing on how the liberalization of financial markets can bring benefits to individual countries; how trade shocks can be absorbed and whether the risk of such shocks reduces the potential gains from trade; how three small landlocked transition economies survived the shocks arising from the collapse of the centrally planned system; and how a country can cope with a recurrent and, to some extent predictable, natural disaster, and flooding. The insights from these chapters should help the international community as it confronts the issues of vulnerability and globalization.
World Economic and Social Survey 2002
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
Part I. State of the World Economy: In the second half of 2002, the world economy stands at a delicate juncture. After the weakest performance in a decade for the year as a whole, global economic recovery is under way. However, neither the strength, nor the breadth, nor the durability of the recovery is assured. Part II. Private-Public Interaction in Achieving Society’s Goals: examines selected aspects of the changing nature of the interaction between the public and private sectors in producing some of the goods and services that societies as a whole may desire as part of their overall development.
World Economic and Social Survey 1999
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
Part one. State of the World Economy: provides a chronicle of how large parts of the world economy were sent reeling in the past two years by the fragility of financial systems and their international connectedness. On the whole, the world economy seems to have hit bottom and most of the affected countries are moving towards recovery. Part two. Financial Development in the Globalizing World: serves as a contribution to the international discussion on “financing for development”. It seeks to give a perspective on the major changes that have been taking place in recent decades in the banking and financial systems of developed, developing and transition economies.
World Economic and Social Survey 2000
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
Part one. State of the World Economy: chronicles a remarkable recovery in the world economy after the crisis years 1997-1999. Although the volume of international financial flows has not returned to its pre-crisis level, international financial markets are again displaying a sense of calm. International trade has also largely recovered from the setback it suffered following the financial crises. Part two. Escaping the Poverty Trap: identifies a number of critical steps for the poorer countries to break out of their “poverty trap” and find a path to sustained and sustainable development. The objective of part two is to identify some of the actions that countries can take to start a period of rapid and sustained growth that would allow living standards to increase appreciably over a relatively short period of time.
World Economic and Social Survey 1997
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
Authoritative and reliable, the Survey is a detailed assessment of the state of the world’s economic and social situation. Its forecasts for the upcoming year and lucid description of national and international economic policies, emerging issues and trends make it ideal for those engaged in international trade. As a special focus in this year’s edition, the Survey addresses four long-term issues of importance to the international community: the economics of the resurgent global tuberculosis crisis, how the international arms trade has changed since the end of the Cold War, recent trends in international travel as a dimension of world economic integration and prospects for global emissions of CO2 under different outlooks for policy and technical change.
World Economic and Social Survey 1998
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
Authoritative and reliable, the 1998 World Economic and Social Survey offers unique insight and commentary on current trends and policies in the world economy. Its forecasts and lucid descriptions make it an essential tool for those involved in international trade and finance. This new edition provides a comprehensive review of macro-economic developments in 1997 and the outlook for 1998 in developed, developing and transition economies. It also surveys major trends in international trade and financial flows; the net transfer of financial resources; implications of the European Union agreement to start monetary union in 1999; and emerging lessons from the international treatment of the Asian currency crisis. This essential Survey includes detailed statistical tables, incorporating current data and forecasts.
World Economic and Social Survey 2003
Trends and Policies in the World Economy
The World Economic and Social Survey is the United Nations annual analysis of current developments in the world economy and emerging policy issues. It contains forecast of short-term global and regional economic trends and reviews major developments in international trade. Part One of this year’s Survey revolves around the economic recovery that is underway in some developed market economies and some developing countries. Part Two explores current social issues that are interlinked with economic development. Special attention is given to public-private cooperation in the light of drastic transformation of the role of the government. The Survey includes statistical tables, which give standardized data on international trade and finance, incorporating current data and forecasts. It is essential for decision makers in government and business, and provides valuable information to all interested in the trends of global economy.
Regional State of the Coast Report
Western Indian Ocean
The Regional State of Coast Report for the western Indian Ocean (WIO) is the first comprehensive regional synthesis to provide insights into the enormous economic potential around the WIO, the consequential demand for marine ecosystem goods and services to match the increasing human population, the pace and scale of environmental changes taking place in the region and the opportunities to avoid serious degradation in one of the world’s unique and highly biodiverse oceans.
Radiation Effects and Sources
What is Radiation? What does Radiation do to us? Where does Radiation come from?
This publication is based on the major scientific reports of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) published in the last 25 years and aims to expand public knowledge on levels of exposure to ionizing radiation and possible associated effects. This publication does not set, or even recommend, radiation safety standards, rather, it provides information on basic science related to radiation (origin, quantities and units), on radiation effects (on humans and the environment) and on radiation sources (natural and artificial). Helping the public understand what radiation is and how it affects life on this planet lies within the core mandate of UNEP.
Ready for the Dry Years: Building Resilience to Drought in South-East Asia
With a focus on Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Viet Nam
South-East Asia is regularly hit by droughts. Though starting slowly, droughts can have devastating cumulative impacts – striking hardest at the poor and heightening inequality, as well as degrading land and increasing the prospects of violent conflict. There will be many more dry years ahead, and the area affected by drought is likely to shift and expand. Ready for the Dry Years offers a clear analysis of this subject, assessing prospects for the decades ahead and highlighting the principal risks. Building resilience will be fundamental for the continued development of ASEAN countries. issued jointly by the ESCAP and ASEAN secretariats, the Report identifies the priorities for increasing resilience to drought and helping countries adapt. The primary audience of this report are policymakers in South-East Asia who are responsible for disaster risk reduction and development issues.
Trade and Environment Review 2013
Wake up before it is too Late - Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable now for Food Security in a Changing Climate
Forests and Water
Valuation and Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services
The objectives of this study are to further improve our understanding about the ways in which payments for ecosystem services schemes can be applied to forests, in particular focusing on forest’s hydrological functions for the mutual benefit of both humans and the environment. In addition, the study covers advances and challenges facing these schemes and provides practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners. This study contains the most comprehensive currently available database of case studies on forest-water related payment for ecosystem services schemes in the UNECE region.
El Convenio del Agua
Una respuesta a los desafíos mundiales del agua
El Convenio está concebido para poder aplicarse en entornos y condiciones muy diferentes, tanto en países ricos en agua como en países donde esta escasea. Dado que el grado de ambición de la aplicación es proporcional a la capacidad y los medios de las Partes, el Convenio es ratificado y aplicado por países con distintos niveles de desarrollo. El Convenio se basa en la igualdad y la reciprocidad. Por lo tanto, defiende los derechos y define las obligaciones de los países que se encuentran aguas arriba y aguas abajo.
The Importance of Mangroves to People
A Call to Action
This publication provides a timely synthesis of the importance of mangroves to people. It highlights that in spite of the mounting evidence in support of the multitude of benefits derived from mangroves, they remain one of the most threatened ecosystems on the planet, being lost at a rate greater than coral reefs and tropical rain forests. This has potentially devastating effects to mangrove biodiversity and in turn, the food security, protection and livelihoods of some of the most marginalized coastal communities in developing countries, where more than 90 percent of the world’s mangroves are found.