Gender Equality

Attaining gender equality for and eliminating all forms of discrimination against women are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Women around the world nevertheless regularly suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives, and realizing women’s human rights has not always been prioritized. Indeed, achieving equality between women and men requires a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which women experience discrimination and are denied equality so as to develop appropriate strategies to eliminate such discrimination. This publication provides an introduction to women’s human rights, covering the main provisions in international human rights law and exploring particularly relevant concepts for fully understanding women’s human rights.

As violent extremist activities around the world increasingly target women and women’s rights, this training manual is designed for actors involved in the prevention and countering of such violent extremism in Europe and Central Asia. It aims to support the relevant actors, including state officials, NGOs, community activists, UN staff, and international and regional organizations, in understanding violent extremism’s gender dimensions. While women are often portrayed only as victims in the face of the sexual and gender-based violence used to terrorize communities, they are also on the frontlines of prevention and response, leading civil society organizations and bolstering social resilience. Promoting women as agents of peace recognizes and respects their contributions to and perspectives on peacebuilding and renders Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) more effective, sustainable and meaningful.

Après avoir énoncé des principes généraux sur le recours à la force, les orientations examinent les normes et règles internationales relatives à l'utilisation d'armes moins létales selon des scénarios et des armes spécifiques, avec un accent particulier sur le maintien de l'ordre dans les réunions. Si un utilisateur sur le terrain tente de déterminer si les forces de l'ordre ont utilisé une arme moins létale de manière inappropriée lors de la surveillance d'un rassemblement, il peut trouver une description de l'arme et se référer à divers scénarios d'utilisation légale, ainsi que des scénarios d'utilisation illégale. Fondamentalement, il ou elle peut également trouver le seuil spécifique de conduite, qui rend l'utilisation de cette arme autorisée.

The report will look into the social, institutional, economic and legal forces that determine how much power a woman has over her body and to make her own choices, the extent to which she has access to quality, non-discriminatory information and services, and how gender inequality underpins all of these. The report will also analyze retrospective data to measure bodily autonomy for girls and draw on case studies on bodily autonomy among marginalized groups: LGBTIQ+, indigenous and disability communities. The report also reveals how serious many of the shortfalls in bodily autonomy are; many have worsened under the pressures of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic. Right now, for instance, record numbers of women and girls are at risk of gender-based violence and harmful practices such as early marriage.

El informe analizará las fuerzas sociales, institucionales, económicas y legales que determinan cuánto poder tiene una mujer sobre su cuerpo y para tomar sus propias decisiones, en qué medida tiene acceso a información y servicios de calidad y no discriminatorios, y cómo la desigualdad de género sustenta todo esto. El informe también analizará datos retrospectivos para medir la autonomía corporal de las niñas y se basará en estudios de casos sobre la autonomía corporal entre grupos marginados: LGBTIQ +, comunidades indígenas y con discapacidad. El informe revela numerosas lagunas en materia de autonomía corporal; muchas de ellas se han agravado debido a la presión de la pandemia de COVID-19. Ahora mismo, por ejemplo, la cifra de mujeres y niñas expuestas a la violencia por razón de género y a prácticas nocivas como el matrimonio precoz alcanza niveles sin precedentes.

Au lendemain de COVID-19 (coronavirus), les pays africains devront intensifier leurs efforts de mobilisation des ressources pour réaliser le Programme de développement durable à l'horizon 2030. Le Rapport sur le développement économique en Afrique 2020 adopte une méthodologie multidisciplinaire pour aborder la relation entre les flux financiers illicites (FFI) et les dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales du développement durable en Afrique. Son approche inclusive intègre une optique de genre et donne la parole à de multiples points de vue, de la société civile aux entreprises qui font des affaires en Afrique. S'appuyant sur les mesures établies des FFI, le rapport fournit de nouvelles informations sur les estimations nationales de la mauvaise facturation des exportations sur le continent et met en évidence les caractéristiques spécifiques des produits minéraux. Il souligne également certaines des motivations et des causes profondes des FFI.

This UN Women’s flagship report shows that, all too often, women’s economic and social rights are held back, because they are forced to fit into a ‘man’s world’. But, it is possible to move beyond the status quo, to picture a world where economies are built with women’s rights at their heart. It is being published as the international community comes together to define a transformative post-2015 development agenda, and coincides with the 20th anniversary commemoration of the landmark Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China which set out a comprehensive agenda to advance gender equality. This publication brings together human rights and economic policymaking, and provides the key elements for a far-reaching new policy agenda that can transform economies and make women’s rights a reality. Through solid in-depth analysis and data, this evidence-based report provides key recommendations on moving towards an economy that truly works for women, for the benefit of all.

This study examines the nexus between technology in agriculture and trade from a gender perspective. This document looks at the relationship between trade and gender as it explores the opportunities and challenges that women experience in the process of technological innovation and adoption in agriculture. Typically, women face many barriers in the access to agricultural technologies, and available technologies often fail to address women’s particular needs. This study aims to understand how inequality in the process of innovation and dissemination of technology affects women’s access to trade in agriculture, and to evaluate how reducing this form of inequality could strengthen women’s opportunities to participate and benefit from trade-related activities in the sector. Access to appropriate technology and the capacity to use it effectively are important factors to support women in agriculture, both as instruments for women to undertake new productive initiatives and/or to expand existing activities in agrifood value chains.

Le rapport sur l'état de la population mondiale 2020 documente les origines, les causes et la prévalence des pratiques néfastes dans les pays en développement et développés, ainsi que les contextes humanitaires dans lesquelles ells existent. Il montre également leurs impacts sur la santé, le bien-être et les droits des filles et des femmes tout au long de leur vie, l'impact sur la démographie, les économies nationales, le développement et la réalisation éventuelle des objectifs de développement durable. Le cas échéant, il met aussi en évidence l'impact sur les enfants.

Le rapport décrit la lutte pour les droits et les choix au cours des 50 dernières années et montre comment le FNUAP a joué un rôle essentiel en aidant les femmes et les adolescentes à surmonter les obstacles divers et en évolution qui les empêchaient d'accéder à l'information et aux services, en bénéficiant des mêmes droits et opportunités que les hommes et les garçons, en prenant leurs propres décisions dans la vie et en réalisant leur plein potentiel. Le rapport s'articule autour de menaces ou de défis majeurs aux droits et aux choix au cours des années et analyse leur impact sur la vie des femmes et des adolescentes.

Expanding access to contraception is essential for achieving universal access to reproductive health-care services, as called for in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This Highlights presents estimates of contraceptive use and needs from 1990 to 2020, and projections to 2030 for 196 countries or areas of the world as well as regional and global trends. It describes the impact of population growth and changes in demand for family planning on the projected numbers of women who are contraceptive users or have unmet need for family planning. It also discusses global progress in meeting the demand for family planning with modern methods as called for in the 2030 Agenda (SDG indicator 3.7.1) and how satisfying the demand for family planning with modern methods can contribute towards progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

L’évaluation de l’état de préparation de la Côte d’Ivoire au commerce électronique est la vingt-sixième évaluation de ce type menée par la CNUCED et la septième au sein de l’Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine, après le Sénégal, le Togo, le Burkina Faso, le Mali, le Bénin et le Niger. De ces évaluations découlent des recommandations permettant d’avancer tant au niveau national que régional et de contribuer ainsi à l’élaboration d’un plan régional, en soutien à la Déclaration ministérielle en date du 29 septembre 2017, dans laquelle les Ministres en charge du Commerce des États membres de l’UEMOA ont reconnu « (…) l’importance stratégique du commerce électronique et du commerce des services dans l’économie de l’Union et [ont recommandé] la mise en oeuvre d’un plan de travail au niveau régional. » Suite à cette déclaration, La Commission de l’UEMOA et la CNUCED, en collaboration avec les partenaires de eTrade for all, ont organisé à Ouagadougou, en octobre 2018, un atelier régional sur le commerce électronique, afin d’identifier les axes prioritaires du plan de travail et de promouvoir les actions nécessaires pour son développement.

Since the outbreak of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, UNCTAD has played a critical role in raising awareness on the opportunities emerging from the crisis through increasing the uptake of e-commerce and digital solutions. At the same time, UNCTAD has voiced concerns about the risk of rising digital inequalities, particularly in least developed countries (LDCs). The 2020 eCommerce Week organised virtually by UNCTAD and partners of the eTrade for all initiative provided a unique platform convening a wide range of stakeholders to assess implications of the crisis and explore in-depth key digital issues in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a follow-up, UNCTAD assessed the impact on e-commerce businesses across developing countries and LDCs to understand the magnitude of the impact, identify key trends and challenges faced by e-commerce businesses, as well public and private policy responses to cope with the crisis. This paper is based on the results of a survey that investigates the impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce businesses from early March to the end of July 2020. It focuses on 23 countries, mainly LDCs, in Africa and Asia-Pacific. The countries have all benefitted from UNCTAD’s e-commerce capacity building programmes, either through an eTrade Readiness Assessment (eT Ready) or a national e-commerce strategy. 257 representatives of e-commerce businesses, out of 699 invited, responded to the survey and shared their experience following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Businesses have been divided into two groups: companies selling at least parts of their goods or services online and third-party online marketplaces. The responses from the private sector were complemented by public sector responses from 12 countries, elaborating on measures taken during the COVID-19 crisis to support e-commerce as well as to use e-commerce for economic recovery efforts. The key findings of this paper are presented below.

This report investigates the income-generating activities of women producers and traders in Kiribati and the constraints they face in production and trade activities. Research was conducted in the four islands of South Tarawa and Kiritimati as urban areas, and Arorae and Making as rural areas. Kiribati’s fragmented geographic structure and limited connectivity, narrow range of resources, high dependence on imports, and lack of economies scale – all of which are common to most small island developing States – create challenges for the expansion of the private sector and inter-island and international trade. Remoteness results in slower penetration of modern technologies and poses challenges for imports of raw materials and intermediate goods unavailable domestically. Weak business infrastructure, limited access to finance and burdensome licensing and trade procedures imply additional costs, inhibiting the development of the private sector. Policy recommendations are included that could help address the country's constraints.

This report examines the potential implications of the transparency provisions in the Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) Plus for gender outcomes in the region of nine Pacific island countries (9PICs) –Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, the Cook Islands and Niue – that signed the PACER Plus agreement with Australia and New Zealand in 2017. It also examines the socioeconomic, gender, and trade profiles of the 9PICs and discusses the gender implications of trade. The 9PICs share the economic features, challenges, and opportunities of small island developing states. The main challenge is their “smallness” with respect to area, population, and economies, which is a key driver of their economic vulnerability because it implies small domestic economies and a narrow resource base, resulting in limited production, export, and employment opportunities. Given these challenges, the PACER Plus agreement has taken into account the different levels of development through progressive dismantling of tariffs and other trade restrictions that differ across the 9PICs, as well as through financial and technical support to be provided by Australia and New Zealand to the 9PICs in the implementation stage.

In developed countries, public procurement accounts for almost 15% of gross domestic product; in some developing countries, this figure can reach as high as 40%. It is shocking that women-owned businesses account for a mere 1% of this critical sector. Women-owned businesses often cite lack of information about opportunities and requirements, complex procedures, and strict financial and qualification requirements as barriers to winning public tenders. This publication guides policymakers, procurement officers and other stakeholders on ways that they can contribute to improving women’s participation in public procurement. It provides a step-by-step guide to assess the state of their inclusion in public procurement, to identify barriers that women face, to understand policy options and procurement opportunities, to design a roadmap, and to monitor progress over time. It also features case studies from three countries at the forefront of this initiative – Chile, the Gambia and Nigeria – which are all finding solutions to these challenges.

This publication summarizes developments and trends in 2020 on key issues of multilateral consideration at the international and regional levels. The yearbook reviews the activity of the General Assembly and the Conference on Disarmament and the Disarmament Commission. Additionally, it contains a timeline that highlights events in multilateral disarmament in 2020 and comprises a foreword written by the High Representative for Disarmament Affairs.

Cette publication fournit aux agences nationales de statistiques des conseils sur la collecte, le traitement, l'analyse et la diffusion de données au niveau individuel sur la propriété d'actifs (y compris les logements, les terres et les actifs financiers) pour la production de statistiques sur le genre liées à trois objectifs : 1) mesurer l'écart d'actifs entre les sexes, ou la prévalence différentielle de la possession d'actifs par les femmes et les hommes; 2) mesurer l'écart de richesse entre les sexes, ou la part de la richesse totale détenue par les femmes; et 3) dans les ménages où plus d'un membre est interrogé, comprendre comment la propriété des actifs et la richesse sont réparties, par sexe, au sein des ménages. Elle présente les concepts, les définitions et les données requises pour mesurer la propriété et le contrôle des biens du point de vue du genre et fournit des conseils sur la planification, l'organisation et la mise en œuvre d'enquêtes auprès des ménages, ou en ajoutant un module sur la propriété des biens à une enquête auprès des ménages représentative au niveau national. Elle présente également un ensemble d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la propriété et du contrôle des femmes et des hommes sur les actifs physiques et financiers aux niveaux mondial et national, et explique comment l'analyse des données peut être utilisée pour répondre aux questions politiques pertinentes sur la propriété des actifs.

This legislative guide promotes an enabling legal environment for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). It is based on the premise that it is in the interests of States and of MSMEs that such businesses operate in the formal economy. The guide also reflects the idea that entrepreneurs that have not yet commenced a business may be persuaded to do so in the formal economy if the requirements for formally starting their business are not considered overly burdensome, It includes best practices from various parts of the world and 58 recommendations aiming at assisting States in streamlining their business registration procedures.

Le présent guide législatif a été établi dans l’idée que il est dans l’intérêt des États et des micro-, petites et moyennes entreprises (MPME) que ces dernières mènent leurs activités au sein de l’économie formelle. Il vise aussi à traduire la notion que l’entrepreneur qui n’a pas encore démarré son entreprise peut être persuadé de le faire dans l’économie réglementée, si les formalités de création ne sont pas jugées trop contraignantes et si les avantages l’emportent sur l’intérêt qu’il aurait à opérer dans le secteur informel. Le guide contient des meilleures pratiques en matière d'enregistrement et 58 recommandations pour assister les Etats à améliorer leurs registres des entreprises.

This legislative guide is prepared by UNCITRAL to promote an enabling legal environment for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The guide is based on the premise that it is in the interests of States and of MSMEs that such businesses operate in the formal economy. This guide also reflects the idea that entrepreneurs that have not yet commenced a business may be persuaded to do so in the formal economy if the requirements for formally starting their business are not considered overly burdensome, and if the advantages for doing so outweigh their interest in operating in the informal economy. The guide includes best practices from various parts of the world and 58 recommendations aiming at assisting States in streamlining their business registration procedures.

The past century has seen a transformation in women's legal rights, with countries in every region expanding the scope of women's legal entitlements. Nevertheless for many of the world's women the laws that exist on paper do not translate to equality and justice. Progress of the World's Women: In Pursuit of Justice looks at how the legal system can play a positive role in women accessing their rights, citing cases that have changed women's lives both at a local and at times global level. It also looks at the important role women have played and continue to play as agents for change within the legal system, as legislators, as lawyers, as community activists but also asks why, despite progress on legal reform, the justice system is still not delivering justice for all women. The report focuses on four key areas: legal and constitutional frameworks, the justice chain, plural legal systems and conflict and post-conflict. Drawing on tangible examples of steps that have been taken to help women access justice, the report sets out ten key recommendations for policy and decision makers to act on in order to ensure every woman is able to obtain justice.

Comprendre les utilisations et les implications des mesures non tarifaires (MNT) est essentiel pour la formulation de stratégies de développement efficaces en vue d'atteindre les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Accroître la transparence et la compréhension des MNT aide les commerçants à identifier les exigences auxquelles ils sont confrontés et renforce la capacité des décideurs politiques, des négociateurs commerciaux et des chercheurs à trouver le délicat équilibre entre la réduction des coûts commerciaux et la préservation des objectifs publics.

The 2015 Revision will build on the previous revision by incorporating the findings of new population censuses and specialized demographic surveys, which have been published since the previous revision. This comprehensive review of worldwide demographic trends and future prospects is essential for assessing the degree of progress made in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to guide policies aimed at achieving the new post-2015 development agenda, which Member States will adopt this fall. The full results of the 2015 revision will be made available in the form of a two volume report.

The 2015 Revision will build on the previous revision by incorporating the findings of new population censuses and specialized demographic surveys, which have been published since the previous revision. This comprehensive review of worldwide demographic trends and future prospects is essential for assessing the degree of progress made in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to guide policies aimed at achieving the new post-2015 development agenda, which Member States will adopt this fall. The full results of the 2015 revision will be made available in the form of a two volume report.

After setting forth general principles on use of force, the guidance discusses international norms and standards on the use of less lethal weapons in a scenario-based, weapon-specific manner with a particular focus on the policing of assemblies. If a user in the field is attempting to determine whether law enforcement has used a less-lethal weapon improperly while policing an assembly, he or she can find a description of the weapon, and refer to various scenarios for lawful use, as well as scenarios of unlawful use. Crucially, he or she can also find the specific threshold of conduct, which makes use of that weapon permissible.

El presente documento es el séptimo módulo del volumen 1 del manual didáctico sobre comercio y género preparado por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD). El manual didáctico se ha elaborado con la intención de fomentar la capacidad de las autoridades responsables de la formulación de políticas, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y la comunidad académica para evaluar los efectos de género del comercio y la política comercial y para formular políticas equitativas de género.

La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) ha puesto de relieve, de forma inédita, la importancia de los cuidados para la sostenibilidad de la vida y la poca visibilidad que tiene este sector en las economías de la región, en las que se sigue considerando una externalidad y no un componente fundamental para el desarrollo. La crisis sanitara en curso pone en evidencia la injusta organización social de los cuidados en América Latina y el Caribe. Urge pensar las respuestas a las necesidades de cuidados desde un enfoque de género, ya que, como ha demostrado la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) en reiteradas ocasiones, son las mujeres quienes, de forma remunerada o no remunerada, realizan la mayor cantidad de tareas de cuidados.

The 2015 Revision will build on the previous revision by incorporating the findings of new population censuses and specialized demographic surveys, which have been published since the previous revision. This comprehensive review of worldwide demographic trends and future prospects is essential for assessing the degree of progress made in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to guide policies aimed at achieving the new post-2015 development agenda, which Member States will adopt this fall. The full results of the 2015 revision will be made available in the form of a two volume report.

En esta edición de 2012 del Panorama Social de América Latina se presentan las mediciones oficiales de la CEPAL respecto del análisis de la pobreza por ingresos y se procura ofrecer enfoques novedosos sobre pobreza y bienestar, poniendo especial énfasis en enfoques multidimensionales, de carácter exploratorio

Sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn and adolescent health (SRMNAH) is an essential component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite a steady drop in maternal and newborn deaths since 1990, hundreds of thousands of women and newborns around the world continue to die each year during pregnancy and childbirth: an estimated 289,000 women and about 3 million newborn babies died in 2013 alone. The vast majority of loss of life is due to complications and illnesses that could be prevented with proper antenatal care and the presence of a skilled midwife during delivery. In recognition of the need to improve such realities and overall SRMNAH, this publication focuses on the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of midwifery services and the pivotal role midwifes play within the wider SRMNAH workforce.

The 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) prominently feature institutions, both as a cross-cutting issue in many of the goals and as a standalone goal (SDG 16). The World Public Sector Report 2019 looks at national-level developments in relation to several concepts highlighted in the targets of Goal 16, which are viewed as institutional principles: access to information, transparency, accountability, anti-corruption, inclusiveness of decision-making processes, and non-discrimination. The report surveys global trends in these areas, documenting both the availability of information on those trends and the status of knowledge about the effectiveness of related policies and institutional arrangements in different national contexts. It also demonstrates how the institutional principles of SDG 16 have been informing the development of institutions in various areas, including gender equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5). The report further examines two critical instruments that can support effective public institutions and public administration for the SDGs, namely national budget processes and risk management. The World Public Sector Report 2019 aims to inform the first review of SDG 16 at the United Nations high-level political forum on sustainable development in July 2019, and to contribute to future efforts to monitor progress on SDG 16. By reviewing key challenges and opportunities for public institutions in the context of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda at the national level, the report also aims to inform efforts by all countries to create effective institutions to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals.

Este informe presenta las principales tendencias del comercio internacional de las economías de la región durante el último año, con las cifras más recientes disponibles sobre el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en los diferentes países de la región. Está compuesto por tres capítulos que revisan la evolución del comercio global y regional después del brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus, analizan la evolución del comercio intrarregional con una visión de largo plazo y examinan cómo el comercio internacional puede contribuir a la igualdad de género cuando se acompaña de una adecuada políticas.

Ensuring women’s economic empowerment and access to and control over resources requires an integrated approach to growth and development, focused on gender-responsive employment promotion and informed by the interdependency between economic and social development. Social objectives need to be incorporated into economic policies. Economic growth strategies should give attention to the real economy and focus on creating a gender-sensitive macroeconomic environment, full employment and decent work, access to land, property and other productive resources as well as financial services, and full coverage of social protection measures. The Survey outlines a number of concrete recommendations in these critical areas, which if adopted, will facilitate women’s equitable access to and control over economic and financial resources.

This report provides a comprehensive picture of acute multidimensional poverty to inform the work of countries and communities building a more just future for the global poor. It examines the levels and composition of multidimensional poverty across 109 countries covering 5.9 billion people. It also discusses trends among more than 5 billion people in 80 countries, 70 of which showed a statistically significant reduction in Multidimensional Poverty Index value during at least one of the time periods presented. While the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on developed countries is already an active area of research, this report offers a multidimensional poverty perspective on the experience of developing countries. It explores how the pandemic has affected three key development indicators (social protection, livelihoods and school attendance), in association with multidimensional poverty, with a focus predominantly on Sub-Saharan Africa. It profiles disparities in multidimensional poverty with new research that scrutinizes estimates disaggregated by ethnicity or race and by caste to identify who and how people are being left behind. It also explores the proportion of multidimensionally poor people who live in a household in which no female member has completed at least six years of schooling and presents disparities in multidimensional poverty by gender of the household head.

On the eve of International Women’s Day, UNESCO launched a one-of-a-kind and richly illustrated publication entitled A Braided River: The Universe of Indian Women in Science. The book showcases the fact that much of India’s success in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) can be attributed to the passion and talent of its women scientists. It also examines in details the challenges they face and provides actionable recommendations to promote and retain women in science education and careers. In addition to insightful research and findings, the book features captivating photographic portraits of some 60 Indian women scientists and provides suggestions to enhance their participation in science research and industry. The substance of the Report has been developed by an experienced team led by Rao R. Bhavani, UNESCO Chair in Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India, under the guidance of UNESCO New Delhi.

L'Indice mondial de pauvreté multidimensionnelle (IPM) produit par le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) et l'Initiative d'Oxford concernant la pauvreté et le développement humain mesure la pauvreté en tenant compte de diverses privations subies par les personnes au cours de leur vie quotidienne, notamment leur mauvaise santé, une éducation insuffisante et leur faible niveau de vie. Le rapport examine le niveau et la composition de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle dans 109 pays couvrant 5,9 milliards de personnes et présente une ventilation par ethnie/race/caste concernant 41 pays disposant d'informations.

Understanding the uses and implications of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is essential for the formulation of effective development strategies to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Increasing transparency and understanding of NTMs helps traders identify the requirements they face and builds the capacity of policymakers, trade negotiators and researchers to strike the delicate balance between reduction of trade costs and preservation of public objectives. This publication provides an overview of the global transparency effort, including the International Classification of NTMs, data collection and data dissemination, as well as approaches to achieving good regulations, including recent research results and analysis tools, social implications such as gender and environmental effects, a toolkit to assess cost-effectiveness and NTMs, and the NTMs online academy.

This study aims to conduct a preliminary investigation of the issues and bottlenecks affecting the implementation of the various initiatives on transport and transit systems launched at the continental and regional levels by the African Union (AU) and African regional economic communities (RECs), respectively. This initial analysis seeks to identify the cause of the persistently low implementation of multilateral and regional protocols or conventions designed to facilitate transit and transport across the African regions.

There are several pathways through which energy systems are transitioning to a decarbonized, sustainable economy. The development and implementation of these technologies are being driven by innovation in a wide variety of technologies. Now that most economies are emerging, governments are focused on driving a sustainable socioeconomic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is an endemic issue which must be addressed. The energy sector is missing out on the experiences, skills, and talents of much of half the human population, which severely constrains the sustainable energy transition. In addition to a larger skilled workforce, there are several advantages in bridging the gender gap within the energy sector. Gender disparities in the energy sector have been observed around the world. Women are less represented in policymaking, corporate leadership and governance, as entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, and in the labour workforce. These barriers are surmountable using a two-way complementary approach, which is simultaneously bottom-up - action by women and society to bridge the gap of gender inequality in the energy sector – and top-down – government and policymakers need to develop policy tools to encourage women’s participation in the energy sector. This paper is summarising key findings from a report and empirical case studies of five United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) member States: Albania, Belarus, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan.

This study investigated women’s participation in the economy and trade by distinguishing between women’s different economic roles as workers and entrepreneurs/business owners, and between different economic sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services. Specifically, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) carried out a qualitative analysis of women’s participation in the economy and in trade in selected subsectors of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) during April-May 2022. The olive oil sector was selected from agriculture due to its major role in Palestinian society and women’s significant participation in this sector. The food products sector was selected from industry because it is traditionally a major sector in which women are highly involved. Finally, the information and communications technology (ICT) sector was selected from services due to its significant potential for future growth prospects and women’s employment in the OPT.

This second edition of Born Free and Equal takes into account developments since the publication of the first edition in 2012, including decisions by the United Nations, and regional and national human rights bodies. It sets out the source and scope of the legal obligations of Member States in respect of the rights of LGBTI people, and also integrates, for the first time, recommendations in respect of the rights of intersex persons. It is designed as a tool for States, to help them better understand the nature of their obligations and the steps required to meet them, as well as for civil society activists, human rights defenders and others seeking to hold Governments to account for breaches of international human rights law.

This is the official report submitted to the General Assembly by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on its Seventy-third session (1–19 July 2019), Seventy-fourth session (21 October–8 November 2019), Seventy-fifth session (10–28 February 2020).

This is the official report submitted to the General Assembly by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on its Seventieth session (2–20 July 2018), Seventy-first session (22 October–9 November 2018), Seventy-second session (18 February–8 March 2019).

The new edition of this important periodic publication from UNESCO reviews and updates the state of science and technology around the world. It describes and quantifies the recent trends in scientific education and research and development and addresses many of the specific problems faced by each region or group of countries. Some of the most important issues in science and technology of the last few years, of interest both to the scientific community and to society at large, are discussed in the second part of the book. Among these are biodiversity, environmental degradation, the ethics of science and international cooperation in megascience. Particular attention is accorded to recent developments in the new technologies and their impact on society, with chapters on information technology, biotechnology and materials sciences and engineering. The final part is devoted to the gender dimension of science and technology. Its authors, making use of a wide variety of sources, describe the existing disparity in this field, and analyse the main social and educational barriers faced by women in gaining access to scientific careers and decision-making bodies. The World Science Report 1996 is written by an international team of widely regarded authors. It is an essential source of facts, figures and discussion information for all those who want to know how present-day science is organized and how it functions.

L'Annuaire des Nations Unies sur le désarmement, volume 43 (2ème partie), 2018, contient un avant-propos du Haut Représentant pour les affaires de désarmement. Il résume les développements et les tendances de l'année 2018 concernant les principales questions multilatérales aux niveaux international et régional; examine l'activité de l'Assemblée générale, de la Conférence sur le désarmement et de la Commission du désarmement; et contient un calendrier pratique des faits saillants du désarmement multilatéral en 2018.

This manual aims at providing practical guidance on how to achieve gender-equitable small-scale fisheries in the context of the implementation of the SSF Guidelines. Women play a key role, in particular in post-harvest activities relating to processing, marketing and trade, but their role remains undervalued. Within the broader context of the FAO Blue Growth Initiative, this publication therefore contributes to SP 1 Outcome 101 - Member countries and their development partners make explicit political commitments in the form of policies, investment plans, programmes, legal frameworks and the allocation of necessary resources to eradicate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition. The target audience for this manual is twofold: (i) policy makers/public administrations working on small-scale fisheries will be informed about ways to ensure gender-sensitive policies, investments and small-scale fisheries sector support, (ii) CSOs/Fisheries organizations will receive guidance on how to actively support the empowerment of women in small-scale fisheries.

This publication provides a comprehensive and authoritative assessment of progress, gaps and challenges in the implementation of Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from a gender perspective. The report monitors global and regional trends in achieving the SDGs for women and girls based on available data. It furthermore provides practical guidance for the implementation of gender-responsive policies and accountability processes.

Esta publicación presenta una visión general del nexo entre comercio y género desde una perspectiva de desarrollo. Analiza las consecuencias del comercio internacional para el empoderamiento económico y el bienestar de las mujeres y el impacto de la desigualdad de género en el comercio. Después de una breve introducción, la Sección 2 presenta qué es el género y la igualdad de género, y las diversas formas en que la economía es una estructura de género, como base para comprender cómo es probable que los cambios en el comercio y la política comercial tengan repercusiones específicas de género. La Sección 3 analiza el nexo entre el comercio y el género y ofrece una descripción general de los múltiples canales de interacción entre el comercio y el género. La Sección 4 presenta las diversas tendencias en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la política comercial y analiza más de cerca las evaluaciones ex ante del impacto de género de los acuerdos comerciales, las disposiciones de género en los acuerdos comerciales y el comercio y el género en la Organización Mundial del Comercio.

This publication presents an overview of the trade and gender nexus from a development perspective. It looks at the consequences of international trade for women’s economic empowerment and well-being and the impact of gender inequality on trade. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents what gender and gender equality are, and the various ways in which the economy is a gendered structure, as a basis for understanding how changes in trade and trade policy are likely to have gender-specific repercussions. Sections 3 discusses the trade and gender nexus, and gives an overview of the multiple channels of interaction between trade and gender. Section 4 presents the various trends in mainstreaming gender in trade policy and looks more closely at the ex-ante gender impact assessments of trade agreements, gender provisions in trade agreements, and at trade and gender in the World Trade Organization.