International Trade and Finance
Commodities at a Glance
Nov 2020The series “Commodities at a Glance” aims to collect present and disseminate accurate and relevant statistical information linked to international primary commodity markets in a clear concise and reader-friendly format.
How to Encode Non-tariff Measures in Regional Trade Agreements?
Nov 2020Non-tariff measures (NTMs) such as sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT) are used as policy instruments to protect health safety and the environment. However they also increase production and trade costs. An important component of such costs is the high divergence of regulations across countries. Producers have to comply with thousands of different regulations in their export markets. Policy makers increasingly aim to address this through provisions on regulatory cooperation such as mutual recognition or harmonization in regional trade agreements (RTA). This paper develops a systematic approach that allows to decode RTA provisions on NTMs according to the International Classification of NTMs so that (a) many details such as whether individual provisions are enabling or restricting policy space if provisions relate to regulations or procedural aspects and levels of enforceability can be analysed including across RTAs (b) provisions can be better compared to relevant WTO agreements and (c) the provisions can be compared to national regulations. We apply the methodology to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) agreement and show that provisions in the area of conformity assessment dominate the SPS Chapter while market authorization and labelling related provisions prevail in the TBT Chapter. The substantial degree of enforceability in both SPS and TBT chapters is likely to result in national legislative and institutional amendments.
Guidelines to Collect Data on Official Non-tariff Measures, 2019 Version
Nov 2020During the last few decades multilateral and regional trade negotiations and unilateral liberalization have substantially reduced tariff rates. Non-tariff measures (NTMs) however represent a growing challenge for exporters and policy makers. The ability to gain and to benefit from market access depends increasingly on compliance with trade regulatory measures such as sanitary requirements and goods standards. UNCTAD has been actively involved in research and activities on issues related to NTMs. In 1994 UNCTAD began to collect and classify NTMs. While the UNCTAD Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database remains the most comprehensive database on NTMs it has required substantial improvements to keep up with the increasing complexity of and need for NTM data. To develop a strategy to reduce the transparency gap in 2006 UNCTAD established the Group of Eminent Persons on Non-tariff Barriers composed of leading economists from international organizations. A Multi-agency Support Team provided substantial support. As a result the Transparency in Trade initiative (TNT) was launched by UNCTAD the African Development Bank the International Trade Centre and the World Bank. UNCTAD leads the international effort on official NTM data collection.
Caja de herramientas de la UNCTAD: obtener resultados
Nov 2020Drivers for Boosting Intra-African Investment Flows Towards Africa’s Transformation
Nov 2020The present study contains a review and analysis of the drivers for boosting intra-African investment towards Africa’s transformation and reconciles both the regional and continental perspectives. The study is intended to provide empirical evidence at the continental level on the impact of FDI on economic transformation and possible implications for regional integration. The study considers FDI inflows between 49 African countries on the basis of available investment data provided by UNCTAD during the period 2002-2014. Given the recent trends of FDI within Africa and considering the availability of bilateral investment data the study develops a theoretical framework and empirical models with a view to capturing the specific regional disparities and differences in its analysis. The results presented in the empirical part of this study indicate that trade openness infrastructure and the performance of the logistics and business environment influence the attraction of investment within Africa. The positive impact of trade openness is consistent with prior ECA research showing that the benefits brought by enhanced intra-African trade through the African Continental Free Trade Area can offer better opportunities for industrialization.
CNUCED instruments de la coopération technique: Produire des résultats
Nov 2020The National Trade Facilitation Roadmap for Exports Enhancement and Diversification of the Republic of Tajikistan 2019 – 2024
Nov 2020This National Trade Facilitation Roadmap for Exports Enhancement and Diversification provides the framework for a national trade facilitation reform programme over a five-year period (2019-2024) and includes a strategic vision supported by goals and activities and performance indicators to measure progress against set targets. It is the result of a consultative effort of the National Coordination Committee on Trade Facilitation (CCTF) under the UNECE guidance and in collaboration with key international partners including the ITC and UNCTAD. This document has been developed in the context of the project on “Removing regulatory and procedural barriers to trade in the Republic of Tajikistan” at the request of the Government.
Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements
Oct 2020This report presents recommendations to boost the participation of women in trade through free trade agreements. Policymakers and trade negotiators will find a new toolkit to gauge gender responsiveness in their agreements. These lessons are based on a research assessment of 73 selected free trade agreements in force among 25 Commonwealth countries and top-line recommendations and model clauses for countries to adapt. The recommendations include embedding gender provisions in the preamble leveraging corporate social responsibility using reservations waivers and general exceptions and strengthening monitoring and dispute settlement mechanisms.
Guide de diplomatie commerciale
Oct 2020Destiné aux diplomates commerciaux ce guide unique au monde explique comment promouvoir à l’étranger le commerce et l’investissement tout en déterminant les priorités pour les marchés les industries et les clients. En puisant directement dans des expériences de terrain concrètes il explore les manières de travailler en réseau de créer des partenariats d’établir une veille commerciale et de promouvoir le commerce et l’investissement. Les checklists pratiques et les études de cas concrètes qu’il propose sont le reflet du monde des affaires actuel fait de plateformes numériques et d’outils de réseaux sociaux et de sa mutation notamment au niveau international.
National Green Export Review of Lebanon: Natural Soap and Ecotourism
Oct 2020This report presents the findings of the Lebanon National Green Export Review (NGER) conducted between 2016 and 2018 through a partnership between the Lebanese Government and UNCTAD. It analyses green production and export opportunities in the natural soap and ecotourism sectors and comprises national action plans to develop green exports in each sector. The Lebanese olive oil sector is well established and very competitive with around 544 registered oil mills in Lebanon and 110000 olive farmers and growers. Olive oil that is not of food quality is used to make soap thereby creating jobs and improving the income of local workers while contributing to the reduction of agricultural waste. The two main types of oil used for soap production are pomace oil extracted the dregs of the olive paste and olive oil unsuitable for consumption. The report was prepared by a team of national experts with technical support provided by UNCTAD.
Évaluation rapide de l’état de préparation du Mali au commerce électronique
Oct 2020Malgré ses difficultés pour faire face aux défis qui ont mis à l’épreuve les capacités de l’État et de la population à sauvegarder l’unité nationale et la sécurité le Mali n’est pas resté à l’écart des transformations induites par les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). Son gouvernement a lancé des initiatives dans les domaines de l’administration électronique et des infrastructures des TIC afin de tirer profit des opportunités fournies par le développement de ces dernières notamment à travers l’adoption du référentiel Mali Numérique 2020 une stratégie nationale pour le développement de l’économie numérique. Une nouvelle dynamique régionale impulsée par les Ministres du Commerce de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) dans la Déclaration ministérielle en date du 29 septembre 2017 visant à définir un plan de travail régional pour le développement du commerce électronique permettra de soutenir les efforts du Mali dans ce domaine. Une première étape dans la préparation de ce plan a été initiée par la Commission de l’UEMOA en coopération avec la CNUCED avec l’organisation d’un atelier régional sur le commerce électronique organisé à Ouagadougou du 9 au 11 octobre 2018. L’impulsion d’institutions régionales telles que l’UEMOA et la Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) a encouragé les États membres à harmoniser les politiques d’intégration économique y compris le cadre réglementaire applicable au commerce électronique et de nouvelles réformes doivent être conduites face aux développements rapides de la digitalisation.
التصنيف الدولي للتدابير غير التعريفية 2019
Oct 2020Non-tariff measures are generally defined as policy measures other than ordinary customs tariffs that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods changing quantities traded or prices or both. Since this definition is broad a detailed classification is of critical importance so as to better identify and distinguish among the various forms of non-tariff measures. The classification of non-tariff measures presented here is a taxonomy of all those measures considered relevant in international trade today. It builds on an old UNCTAD classification known as the Coding System of Trade Control Measures and was developed by several international organizations forming what is called the MAST group (Multi-Agency Support Team) set up to support the Group of Eminent Persons on Non-tariff Barriers established by the Secretary General of UNCTAD in 2006. The MAST team discussed and proposed this classification and is composed of: FAO IMF ITC OECD UNCTAD UNIDO World Bank and WTO. The classification is seen as evolving and should adapt to the reality of international trade and data collection needs.
Coup d’œil sur les produits de base
Oct 2020Ce numéro du «Coup d’œil sur les produits de base» explore la pertinence économique sociale et environnementale du secteur de la gomme arabique en mettant l’accent sur l’offre la demande les prix et l’organisation du marché. La gomme arabique est commercialement la gomme d’exsudat la plus rentable avec de applications très étendues dans des industries aussi diverses que l’alimentation et les boissons les produits pharmaceutiques les cosmétiques et l’imprimerie. La gomme est produite principalement dans les savanes boisées et arides en Afrique subsaharienne et consommée principalement par les industries des pays développés et émergents. En raison de sa capacité à générer des réserves de change assurer la sécurité alimentaire promouvoir l’agriculture et la foresterie durables et combattre la désertification et le changement climatique la gomme arabique est un produit de base prometteur pour un certain nombre de pays africains. Cependant afin de surmonter la répartition inégale actuelle des gains économiques tout au long de la chaîne de valeur de la gomme arabique les pays producteurs doivent accroître la transformation locale et assurer aux collecteurs de la gomme arabique une compensation plus élevée. Ce rapport explore aussi le marché de la gomme arabique produite en Afrique de l’Ouest et Centrale.
تقريرأقل البلدان نمواً، 2019
Oct 2020Least developed countries (LDCs) are among the world’s countries most dependent on foreign aid for the financing of their development. While this is a traditional feature of their development trajectory it has become even more challenging in recent years for two reasons. First the Sustainable Development Goals put requirements for additional investment and spending (especially for structural transformation) at a much higher level and LDCs need to mobilize and manage the corresponding financing. Second the international aid architecture has been transformed by the emergence of a large array of instruments and actors including South-South Cooperation providers private sector philanthropic organizations and non-governmental organizations. This complex and changing landscape presents new challenges for the constrained policymaking capacities of LDC states in their quest for structural transformation. It requires LDC and their development partners to agree a new aid effectiveness agenda and transform the terms of their development partnership.
Facilitation du commerce numérique et durable
Oct 2020L’internationalisation des chaînes de production et d’approvisionnement offre aux pays en développement et aux pays en transition de nouvelles possibilités d’intégration dans l’économie mondiale en permettant aux entreprises de rejoindre les réseaux de production internationaux. Ainsi la nécessité de simplifier les procédures commerciales transfrontalières est de plus en plus grande pour ces pays. L’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges (AFE) l’un des principaux résultats de la neuvième conférence ministérielle de l’OMC à Bali en 2013 répond à ce besoin. Selon les estimations de l’OCDE une fois pleinement mis en œuvre l’AFE devrait permettre de réduire de plus de 14% le coût total du commerce des pays à faible revenu. L’expérience montre que les réformes en matière de facilitation du commerce améliorent la compétitivité commerciale d’un pays et accroissent la perception de ses recettes. Qui plus est ils peuvent contribuer à la réalisation d’objectifs de développement tels que le renforcement de la gouvernance et la formalisation du secteur informel. Compte tenu de l’entrée en vigueur de l’AFE en février 2017 les résultats de l’Enquête sur la facilitation des échanges et le commerce sans papier dans le monde sont opportuns. Ils permettent aux décideurs de rationaliser leurs priorités et d’apprendre de leurs expériences respectives.
Trade Facilitation White Paper on Smart Containers
Oct 2020Technology is entering into every aspect of the supply chain and providing performant and innovative tools. As many are just starting to talk about the dematerialization of certain documents used in trade and transport others are investigating how devices can communicate information directly to the rest of the supply chain without human intervention. Smart Containers are taking the digital age of shipping one step further beyond paperless processes by embracing the Internet of Things (IoT) to support enhanced decision-making by the various sectoral stakeholders. This provides greater visibility to the stakeholders within the transaction as well as to regulatory agencies who need detailed information on the consignments before they arrive at the border. This technology can be combined with other innovations such as blockchain big data or data pipelines to provide even more facilitation to the trading community. In all of these cases though we see that creating clear unambiguous message exchange standards will allow to capitalize the full potential of the enahanced data. This paper provides a detailed look into the various benefits of using Smart Containers as well as the various potential use cases for this technology. The project team continues its work to provide clear semantic standards for the exchange of this data in order to ensure that all stakeholders understand the same information in the same way.
Guía sobre Diplomacia Comercial
Oct 2020Esta guía de formación para representantes o agregados comerciales única en el mundo explica cómo promover el comercio y la inversión en el extranjero al tiempo que establece prioridades para los mercados las industrias y los clientes. Basándose en experiencias de primera mano la guía explora formas de establecer redes crear asociaciones ofrecer inteligencia empresarial y promover el comercio y la inversión. Las listas de control y los estudios de caso reflejan el mundo empresarial actual de las plataformas digitales las de redes de negocios sociales y el perfil cambiante de las empresas internacionales.
Упрощение процедур торговли с использованием устойчивых и цифровых технологий в регионе ЕЭК ООН
Oct 2020The United Nations Regional Commissions in partnership with other key United Nations Organizations have committed to supporting member States in implementing the WTO TFA. This report is part of that commitment and the policy recommendations and technical standards developed by UNECE and UN/CEFACT are key implementation tools not only for the UNECE region but also for other regions across the world. Facilitating trade and reducing trade barriers is of central importance to the economies of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) as it enables them to better connect and gain from regional and global value chains and to fully harness the potential of trade as an engine for growth and sustainable development. Yet both in the UNECE region and globally trade barriers remain high. According to the latest data from the ESCAP-World Bank International Trade Cost Database the overall cost of trading goods among the three largest European Union (EU) economies remains at a 42% average tariff on the value of traded goods while it reaches a peak of 169% for trading with South-Eastern Europe. Similarly the cost of trading among Central Asian countries averages 75% while it reaches 153% with the three largest EU countries.
Classification internationale des mesures non tarifaires 2019
Oct 2020Les mesures non tarifaires sont généralement définies comme étant des mesures de politique générale autres que les droits de douane ordinaires qui peuvent avoir une incidence économique sur le commerce international des marchandises en modifiant les quantités échangées ou les prix ou bien les deux. Comme cette définition est assez large il est indispensable de disposer d’une classification détaillée afin de mieux identifier les diverses formes de mesures non tarifaires et de faire la distinction entre elles. La classification des mesures non tarifaires présentée ici est une nomenclature de toutes les mesures jugées pertinentes dans l’état actuel du commerce international. Elle est fondée sur le Système de codification de la CNUCED et a été élaborée par plusieurs organisations internationales qui constituent ce qu’on a appelé le groupe MAST (Équipe d’appui interorganisations) afin d’aider le Groupe de personnalités sur les obstacles non tarifaires créé par le Secrétaire général de la CNUCED en 2006. La présente version proposée en tant que version de 2012 est le résultat de ces discussions et de ces essais. La classification est considérée comme évolutive et devrait s’adapter à la réalité du commerce international et aux besoins de collecte de données.
Assessment of the Eurasian Economic Union Competition Rules and Regulations
Oct 2020The Competition Branch of the Eurasian Economic Commission (herein after referred as EEC) requested UNCTAD to undertake an assessment of their EAEU competition regulations based on the UNCTAD Model Law on Competition UNCTAD previous research on competition law topics as well as the relevant international best practices on competition law and policy from advanced jurisdictions.