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- Volume 2010, Issue 8, 2010
Freedom from Fear - Volume 2010, Issue 8, 2010
Volume 2010, Issue 8, 2010
This journal aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and awareness of the international community’s priority issues in the field of justice, crime prevention and human rights. The Magazine pursues the promotion of innovative dialogue by spreading awareness, creating consensus and a sense of shared responsibility of the problems that affect the global community. As a forum for long-term change, the Magazine endeavors to promote democratic values, civil stability, and aid the international community in developing actions towards greater peace, justice and security for all members of social, civil and political society.
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Youth for youth: Working for a world free from fear
Fabrica is the communication research centre founded by Luciano Benetton. It was created in 1994 with the aim of offering young designers from around the world an alternative opportunity for creative growth, multicultural exchange and social impact. Fabrica is located in Italy, near Venice, in Villa Pastega Manera, an ancient villa built in the seventeenth century, restored and enlarged by Tadao Ando.
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The unseen violence: Violence in the family
Author: Kai-D. BussmannIn 2010, German police registered approximately 6 million offences in their crime statistics. Less than 10 per cent of these offences involved violence against persons. However, police crime statistics do not necessarily reflect actual crime levels, but depend on the willingness of the population to report them. They tell us nothing about the “dark figure” of crime, and this applies particularly to the family domain, which is also not documented separately in German crime statistics.
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Connected Generation. Young people and social networks: Outline
Author: Tim DaviesAccording to boyd and Ellison’s definitive 2007 article, the first online social network service (SNS) emerged in 1997, but it is only in the last five years that social networks have made it from obscurity to become a ubiquitous part of many people’s online, and offline, day to day experience. With 2 billion people predicted to be connected to the Internet by the end of 2010, Facebook now has over 500 million registered users from right across the globe.3 2.1 million new Twitter accounts are registered every week, and regional, local and niche social network services and social media sites are being launched and are growing daily.
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High school cybercriminals wreaking havoc. Why are more youths committing online crime?
Author: Andrew DornbiererIn June this year, UK authorities tracked down and arrested two people suspected of ring leading the largest international English speaking online cyber criminal forum. They were charged with stealing and selling the details of 65,000 bank accounts they had ransacked from computers infected with malware. They had sold the details at varying prices according to their origin, with US bank details going for $3, EU bank details for $5 and UK bank details for $7. Furthermore, they had provided advice through their online forum on the best ways to use the details to wire money, purchase items online or pay for other services. According to the authorities, more than 8 million pounds (US$12.5 million) had subsequently been stolen from these accounts. The kicker – the two alleged criminals, Nick Webber and Ryan Thomas, were both teenagers (18 and 17) and still in high school.
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Restavèks and child trafficking in Haiti
Author: Daniel RuizHaiti has come to the front of the international news after the earthquake that took place in January this year and caused more than 200,000 deaths. Another issue also called the attention of the world: the situation of the child serfs and the trafficking of minors.
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Youth and drugs: The Temptation and the disillusion
Author: Antonio Maria CostaI am glad to be given the opportunity to talk with young people about drugs, especially about the temptation to take addictive substances for fun or need, and the dis-illusion victims inevitably face – unable to overcome personal problems with a few grams of dope.
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In the spotlight. Breaking the silence: The story of Colombian drug kingpin Escobar through the eyes of his son
Author: Nicolas EntelThe idea of making “Sins of My Father” first came about around the end of 2005, when I had an opportunity to meet Sebastián Marroquin, the only son of Pablo Escobar. Sebastián was born Juan Pablo Escobar in 1977 but was granted a name change shortly after his father’s death for security reasons. By the time of our meeting, he had been living in Argentina for a decade but few people knew about him, or his story.
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An interview with Juan Pablo Escobar (now Juan Sebastian Marroquín Santos)
Author: Juan Pablo EscobarI was born into a world fertile for violence. With this as my legacy, my only choice is to search for peace.
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Youth influence in decision making processes
Author: Felix KönigHalf of the world’s population is composed of young people, and the numbers are growing. Strong shifts in global populations are already visible. The population in the global north is growing older and older, with young people making up less and less of the total population. Meanwhile the situation is the opposite in the global south. This has created many challenges, challenges that no longer can be referred to as new. What we need to find out is if the world will be up to the task of taking on these challenges.
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Teenagers, violence and crime in Brazil
Author: Cléssio Moura de SouzaOne can not speak of violence in Brazil and its increases since 1980 without mentioning the population that it harms: the young. Reports that have been dedicated to analyzing the victims of homicide in the country since 1980 have reached a dramatic conclusion: the cause of increased violence in the country is due to the riseof homicides among young people. Studies carried out by Instituto Sangari show a dramatic and permanent increase in cases of homicide among people between 12 and 24 years of age. While in 1980 the homicide rate among youths between 15 and 24 years of age was 30.0 per 100,000, in 2007 that number had grown to 50.1. The rate of homicides among older people, however, remained stable. In the past 20 years homicides among youths have almost doubled, which positions Brazil as 6th in the international ranking of countries with the highest homicide rates among youths in the World Health Organization Statistical Information System (WHOSIS).
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Teenagers in conflict with the law and justice in Brazil
Authors: Aline Yamamoto and Natália Bouças do LagoBrazil has the world’s third largest prison population. Of the roughly 500,000 prisoners currently being held in the Brazilian prison system, 59 per cent are youth between 18 and 29 years of age. The number of adolescents (between 12 and 18 years old) who have been deprived of their liberty in the socio-educational system is around 18,000.
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Giving children their right to dream
Author: Andrea Rachele FioreSince I was young I have always dreamed that what I wanted to do, when I would be an adult, was to work with something that would have contributed to make this world a better place. Most of the children in Mozambique may have the same dream but unfortunately do not have the same chances to achieve their dreams because there are things that they must do which are more important than ‘just’ following up on a dream: finding a way to eat or bringing food home; finding a way to get to school which is more often than not hours away from their houses, avoid tearing their own clothes while playing because they will not get new ones as easily, stay away from trouble... and when you are a kid left alone all day long these are not easy tasks. Indeed, it may be that parents have to stay out of the house all day long to work and crianças (children) have to be responsible for carrying out a proper healthy life full of dreams.
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An interview with Claudina Macuacua, President of the Tribunal for Minors in Mozambique
Author: Claudina MacuacuaWhat are the main causes of the juvenile delinquency phenomenon in Mozambique? The phenomenon of minors in conflict with the law has different roots and reasons. It started with the civil war which ended in 1992 and killed parents who went off to fight, leaving children alone and abandoned. In most cases, both the mothers and the fathers lost their lives and neither returned to their homes, thus children became orphans and remained alone with nobody to look after them. These children began living on the streets trying to earn a life by carrying out little bits of work such as cleaning cars. But in the majority of cases they ended up begging and starving. As a consequence, these children grew up carrying out petty crimes and later on they committed bigger offences.
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The role of civil societies on youth empowerment in post-war Sierra Leone
Authors: Isabela Leao and Albert Kim CowanIn Sierra Leone, young people constitute about 34 per cent of the country’s total 5.6 million estimated population. The broad definition of youth in Sierra Leone includes people between 15-35 years old, of whom 70 per cent are unemployed and 53.4 per cent are illiterate. As a result, the lack of employment and educational opportunities has become one of the major concerns of the Government of Sierra Leone (GoSL). In this complex context numerous local civil society organizations, together with the GoSL, have played a significant role in empowering young people, who were the most active players in Sierra Leone’s decade civil war (1991-2002). According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Report the conflict was caused by years of bad governance, endemic corruption and the denial of basic human rights, which created deplorable conditions for Sierra Leoneans. Amidst this context, most of the country’s civil society organizations were established during and after the end of the war, aiming above all to empower minority groups including youth and women, monitor government activities, supplement human services and advocate for human rights. Hence, these organizations have given substantial support and hope to the country’s post-war recovery and development, and to the improved status of youth.
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The young child must grow
Author: Helen StreeterIt is not unusual for Western NGOs to create and export programme models and development tools to Africa. What is less common is for this process to happen in reverse: when a wealthy Western nation imports a tried and tested African model to help address its social problems. This is exactly what has happened with Khulisa Crime Prevention Initiative, a South African organisation that has successfully undertaken its programmes in the UK, demonstrating the universality of its approach.
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Jeunes reporters migrants: Raising issues with participation
100 young people from Italy, France, Senegal and Burkina Faso were the protagonists in the Jeunes Reporter Migrants (JRM) experience: an educational project which aims to give back a voice to people who do not have any other ways of sharing their stories and views in the mainstream media. These young people have been selected from schools or from the most disadvantaged suburbs. In Italy and France some of them have experienced migration at first-hand. The topic of the entire project is “Citizen journalism,” a new form of citizen media, where individuals can write and/or comment on issues they feel have been left-out or that tend to be covered only superficially by the mainstream media. In this case, the main issue was “migration.” The young people involved in this workshop met for six months in small newsrooms with the goal of producing reports on migrants and their concerns about living in Europe and in developing countries. In September 2010 they met in four different international exchanges programmes and they worked together to write news articles and reports which can be viewed on the website: jeunesrms.org
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FBI outreach program promotes child safety, identification
Author: Stephen G. FischerBuilding on its long history as an authority in fingerprinting, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses its expertise to help parents and guardians protect America’s children through the Community Fingerprinting Program and the National Child Identification Program. Both of these initiatives capture children’s fingerprints in a format that parents can keep in case of an emergency with their child.
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Cybercrime-counterfeiting: The issue of “real-virtual’ interactions
Author: Eric PrzyswaMost professionals define cybercrime as: “Any illegal action in which a computer is the tool or object of the criminal offence.1 “However, this definition has the disadvantage of not taking into account the “offline world”. It means that many stakeholders, such as the French Customs, tend to broaden the de facto concept of cybercrime to acts that involve criminal flows, both in the real world and on the Internet, by using a computer. This broader view of cybercrime has the advantage of acknowledging - in theory - this type of crime in both the real and the virtual field. While the Internet is a difficult network to observe, assess and to conceptualize without technical intermediaries, it is reasonable to consider or assume that this broader view of cybercrime leads to a better understanding of the cyber phenomenon and its criminological implications. The well known phenomena of the counterfeiting of physical goods such as luxury goods (watches, cosmetics or accessories) and in the leisure industry (DVDs, video games or music), and its ramifications on the intersection of the real (factories and distribution networks) and the virtual (Internet), would then be especially relevant to unearthing many issues pertaining to cybercrime. Yet, with this hybrid vision of cybercrime it is quite the opposite that happens because reality tends rather to reflect the fragility of the binomial “Cybercrime - counterfeiting.”
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Focus on. Security and governance in post-conflict peacebuilding
Author: David BrazierPeacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding are undergoing a shifting paradigm and focus in the international arena. Whilst the international community, via the medium of the universal body of the United Nations, has intervened in numerous and varied war ravaged countries and regions of the world since its inception after World War Two, keeping and then building the peace has been more complicated and protracted than originally envisaged. As the then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan lamented, half of those countries that emerge from war succumb back to violence within five years, emphasising the depressing fact that it is easier to make the peace than it is to keep it. History has shown us that the transition from internal conflict to a sustainable peace is a fraught one.
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