Appendix A

The basic adaptation of the formula of the index (equation 1 in Escresa and Picci, 2015a) that is needed in order to compute that index for groups of countries, does the following: the number of observed cases, and of expected cases, which concur to the computation of the formula for the index, are summed within subregions of countries, and then those sums are used to compute the index at the subregional level. Its values represent multiples of a benchmark of one hundred, corresponding to a world average of sort. The index has a zero lower bound, which obtains when there is no detected corruption, and no upper bound whereby corruption is an arbitrary multiple of the 100 benchmark – corresponding to a world average of sort.

Sustainable Development Goals:

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions