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- Volume 2014, Issue 113, 2014
CEPAL Review - Volume 2014, Issue 113, 2014
Volume 2014, Issue 113, 2014
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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Development then and now: Idea and utopia
Author: Rolando Cordera CamposThe crisis of globalization has given renewed topicality to the idea of development as a complex process involving social and institutional changes as well as a variety of democratic learning processes. Placed at the margin of the international academic and political debate, the political economy of development can come back into its own if academics and politicians responsible for the economy are forced to think for the long term. The political economy of development needs to be twinned with politics so that what we understand by the general interest can be reconfigured in pursuit of freedom, justice and democracy. These can be the keys to turning globalization, whose essence is openness and interdependence, into an active agent in the development of national density, something that is indispensable if we are to think critically about reality and, as Prebisch taught and practised, set history on a future-creating course.
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Latin America’s competitive position in knowledge-intensive services trade
Authors: Andrés López, Andrés Niembro and Daniela RamosThis study presents a dynamic analysis of Latin America’s competitiveness in trade in knowledge-intensive services. The methodology used to undertake this analysis is based on the Tradecan approach developed by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac), which provides a means of assessing different countries’ competitiveness by looking at their exports to the fastest-growing markets. (In the past, it has usually been applied primarily to exports of goods.) The results suggest that, although some Latin American countries have made inroads in knowledge-intensive service segments and have comparative advantages in them, the percentage of “rising stars” (dynamic sectors in which a country or region is gaining in market share) is still low, while there is a high percentage of “missed opportunities” (dynamic sectors in which a country or region is losing market share). This points up the existence of areas in which the region’s competitive position is weak and in which policies are needed to leverage its competitive advantages and remove the obstacles that are holding it back from establishing a more advantageous position in knowledge-intensive service markets.
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Wage share and economic growth in Latin America, 1950-2011
Author: Germán Alarco TosoniThis article builds series of wage shares in gross domestic product (gdp) for 15 Latin American economies individually and as a group for the period 1950-2010. Using different methodologies, it is established that wage share is non-linear and has undergone two major cycles. The article discusses various authors, especially classic and post-Keynesian thinkers, who have explored the relationship between wage share in gdp and economic activity. It is also shown that the post-Keynesian approach is relevant in explaining that the main variables determining real gdp variations include wage share, gross capital formation and exports of goods and services. However, the contribution of wage share to real output growth has declined from the 1980s onwards.
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Patterns of technical progress in the Brazilian economy, 1952-2008
Authors: Adalmir Marquetti and Melody de Campos Soares PorsseThis article analyses the pattern of technical change in the Brazilian economy between 1952 and 2008. A Marx-biased pattern of labour-saving and capital-using change predominated in the period under study. Three phases in the dynamism of technical change can be distinguished, however. The first, from 1952 to 1973, was highly dynamic. In the second, from 1973 to 1991, this dynamism lessened. Lastly, between 1991 and 2008, the dynamism of technical change recovered slightly. The wage share held fairly steady throughout the period. The rate of profit dropped between 1952 and 1991 before rising slightly from 1991 to 2008. The net capital accumulation rate contracted after 1975 because of the decline in the rates of profit and investment. Between 2004 and 2008, the net capital accumulation rate increased.
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Mexico : Combining monthly inflation predictions from surveys
We examine the problem of combining Mexican inflation predictions or projections provided by a biweekly survey of professional forecasters. Consumer price inflation in Mexico is measured twice a month. We consider several combining methods and advocate the use of dimension reduction techniques whose performance is compared with different benchmark methods, including the simplest average prediction. Missing values in the database are imputed by two different databased methods. The results obtained are basically robust to the choice of the imputation method. A preliminary analysis of the data was based on its panel data structure and showed the potential usefulness of using dimension reduction techniques to combine the experts’ predictions. The main findings are: the first monthly predictions are best combined by way of the first principal component of the predictions available; the best second monthly prediction is obtained by calculating the median prediction and is more accurate than the first one.
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Expectations and industrial output in Uruguay: Sectoral inter dependence and common trends
Author: Bibiana LanzilottaThis paper examines the interdependence between expectations and growth by analysing Uruguayan manufacturing industry, divided for the purpose into four industry groupings differentiated by trade participation and production specialization. The study shows that there is a long-run relationship between industrialists’ expectations and output growth in each grouping. In the most trade-oriented groupings the relationship is one of predetermination, showing how useful expectations are as a guide to sectoral growth. Expectations in the four industrial groupings are shown to follow a common long-run trend, identified with the one guiding the export grouping. Impulse-response simulations derived from a multisectoral vector autoregression (var) model confirm the important role of the industries most exposed to international competition in spreading shorter-term shocks.
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Argentina: Impacts of the child allowance programme on the labour-market behaviour of adults
Authors: Roxana Maurizio and Gustavo VázquezIn 2009 Argentina implemented the Universal Child Allowance for Social Protection (auh), a cash transfer programme for households with children. Coverage provided by the contributory family allowance programme was extended to parents who are unemployed or who work in the informal sector (domestic workers, for example). This paper uses the difference-in-difference estimator and propensity score matching techniques to evaluate the short-term effects of the auh on adult labour participation and income generation. The results suggest that, during its first year of operation, no significant disincentives to work were generated by the programme, given that it did not discourage adults from working or lead to a reduction in the number of hours worked. These findings are highly relevant in the Latin American context where these kinds of cash transfers have become an important component of social protection systems.
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Occupational mobility and income differentials: The experience of Brazil between 2002 and 2010
Since the start of the twenty-first century, the Brazilian economy has experienced a growth cycle with characteristics unlike those of its previous historical experience, combining growth, macroeconomic stability and distributive progress. In this context, the study aims to analyse the factors and distributive effects of occupational mobility in Brazil, based on data obtained from the Monthly Employment Survey. The results suggest that: (i) mobility has been used in Brazil as a way to raise wages, even when it involves a drop in socio-occupational status; (ii) nonetheless, the wage increase obtained by changing job or occupational segment is smaller for poorer workers than for wealthier ones; and (iii) consequently, mobility helps to increase income, but it also tends to widen wage gaps.
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What does the National High School Exam (ENEM) tell Brazilian society?
Authors: Rodrigo Travitzki, Jorge Calero and Carlota BotoThis article assesses the limitations and potentials of the National High School Exam (enem) as an indicator of school effectiveness in Brazil, and considers the effects of introducing contextual variables. A multilevel regression analysis was performed on three levels (individual, school and state) using microdata on 17,359 schools from 2009 and 2010. Contextual factors made it possible to explain 79% of the difference between schools. The raw average and value-added (random effect at the school level) produced contrasting evaluations in 34% of cases; and the average was more stable (r = 0.8) than value-added (r = 0.5) in both years. Various shortcomings in the enem as an indicator of school effectiveness were identified. The results show that this league table reveals more about socioeconomic conditions than the schools’ own merit, in other words the value-added they are supposedly providing to the students.
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Brazil’s Northeast Financing Constitutional Fund: Differentiated effects on municipal economic growth
This article investigates the effects of the investments made by the Northeast Financing Constitutional Fund (fne) on the economic growth of that region’s municipalities in the decade of 2000. To that end, it uses an empirical framework based on growth models that make it possible to form convergence clubs according to the municipalities’ initial development level. The results corroborate the empirical strategy and reveal the existence of four groups of municipalities, in which investment flows through the fne have different effects on growth. In general, the fne produces positive and significant effects in most municipalities of the Northeast, except for those whose gross domestic product (gdp) per capita was either very low or very high at the start of the decade, in which case its effects are not significant.
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