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- Volume 1995, Issue 55, 1995
CEPAL Review - Volume 1995, Issue 55, 1995
Volume 1995, Issue 55, 1995
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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A summary of the ECLAC proposal
Authors: Eugenio Lahera P., Ernesto Ottone and Osvaldo RosalesThere is growing consensus that although a solid, balanced macroeconomic base is a necessary condition for development, it is not of itself enough to ensure that development is actually achieved or that its fruits will be enjoyed by the population as a whole. In a series of documents, ECIAC has been defining a coherent agenda of public policy reforms designed to ensure a change in production patterns accompanied by greater social equity.
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Post-conflict peace-building: A challenge for the United Nations
Author: Graciana del CastilloThe multidisciplinary peace-keeping and post-conflict peace-building (PCPB) operations of today have imposed on the United Nations a multifaceted and complex role, comprising both verification and good offices functions in a wide variety of areas. This has put tremendous pressure on the human and financial resources of the Organization. As a result, many flaws in the United Nations system have been brought to light, such as the inadequate coordination that exists between the different bodies of the Organization and its inability to address problems associated with peace and development in a rigorous, integrated, transparent, coherent and consistent way.
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The political economy of protection after the Uruguay round
Author: José Tavares de AraujoThis paper discusses the interplay between domestic policies and foreign interests under the institutional framework to be administered by’ the World Trade Organization (WTO). It presents a theoretical model that treats the WTO as the forum for an overlapping game which provides the rules for the maintenance of an open trading system among economies that are periodically submitted to protectionist pressures. Overlapping games occur when a particular player is engaged at the same time in games against distinct opponents, and when the strategy pursued in one game limits strategies available in the other.
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Trade policy and international linkages: A Latin American perspective
Authors: Marta Bekerman and Pablo SirlinThis article looks at the trade policy guidelines that the region should follow in order to achieve dynamic international economic linkages, in the light of the international context, the main normative conclusions that could be drawn from the theoretical debates on this subject, and some lessons that may be learnt from the study of successful cases. It is posited that in the countries of the region, trade policy can be an instrument for macroeconomic management, fiscal management and, at the microeconomic level, resource allocation; its use as a second-best instrument is justified when there are constraints on the use of the best possible solutions (in exchange rate policy, for example).
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Capital movements and external financing
Author: Benjamin HopenhaynThis article explores the causes, consequences, magnitude and forms of a phenomenon which is of fundamental importance in the current scene and has enormous implications for the Latin American economics: the growing pace of international capital movements. Many billions of dollars are shifted across national borders by satellite, and a small part of this amount has become the basic element in Latin America’s external financing. This financial globalization has its roots in the accumulation of enormous tied liquid surpluses, the generalized liberalization of capital accounts after the collapse of the Bretton Woods frontiers, and the impact of the technological revolution in the fields of informatics and communications.
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The impact of exchange-rate and trade policy on export performance in the 1980s
Author: Graciela MogulllanskyThe region’s changeover from a shortage of external funds to a relatively plentiful supply of such resources at a time when an effort is being made to liberalize its trade and financial sectors raises a number of questions regarding the effect of this phenomenon on the growth of Latin American exports. In an effort to answer these questions, the author examines a number of different attempts to arrive at a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between exchange and trade policies and the region’s export performance in the 1980s.
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The present state and future prospects of the environment in Latin America and the Caribbean
Author: Nicolo GligoMost studies of the region’s economy say little or nothing about the status of its environment and natural resources; few references are made to the environmental quality of population centres or to fluctuations in natural resource stocks, especially of renewable resources, despite their crucial importance for the region’s development options. The no more than moderate pace of the region’s absorption of technical progress, the intensification of its international trade and the declining value of the region’s products in the international marketplace have all brought increased pressure to bear on its resources.
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Youth expectations and rural development
Author: Martine DirvenThe greater openness to the outside world exhibited today by rural, peasant and indigenous groups is particularly notable among the young people in those populations, whose behavioural patterns, referents and expectations differ from those of preceding generations. At the same time, living conditions in the farming sector have improved very little, and agricultural producers’ self-images have worsened; both of these factors prompt young people to leave the sector. Today, only half the people born in rural areas in the 1960s still live there. Not enough attention has been devoted to this situation, which leads, among other things, to the types of problems associated with lack of preparation and difficulties of adaptation on the part of migrants. In those areas from which emigration is the heaviest, the ageing of the population is quite marked; this hampers any attempt to pursue a dynamic form of development and in some cases even leads to the dismantling of existing infrastructure and services (and, hence, an even greater loss of population).
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Transnational corporations and structural changes in industry In Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico
Authors: Ricardo A. Bielschowsky and Giovanni StumpoThe central focus of this article is on the role played by transnational corporations in the industrial realignment of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico between the end of the import substitution stage and the early 1990s. Based on recently published studies dealing with the sweeping changes occurring in Latin America’s manufacturing sector following the region’s economic crisis and liberalization process, a computer programme developed by the ECLAC Division of Production, Productivity and Management has been used to examine the changes that have taken place in the sector’s production structure (sectoral composition and efficiency) and its linkages with the global economy.
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El Salvador: Industrial policy, business attitudes and future prospects
Author: Roberto Salazar CandelThis article analyses the interaction between changes in the domestic and external economic environments, industrial policies and business attitudes in El Salvador. The 1960s were a time of rapid import substitution-based industrialization, which was spurred forward by the expansion of the domestic market through the creation of the Central American Common Market (CACM). During this period, institutions devoted to the promotion and support of CACM-oriented industrial activities were founded and developed, and policies on trade, tariffs, the exchange rate and other matters were implemented that contributed to the import-substitution process. During the 1970s, the style of industrial development which had been adopted by the country began to exhibit a number of structural problems.
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Technological change and structuralist analysis
Author: Armando Kuri GaytánThis article analyses the approach which ECLAC has taken to the subject of technology. In this respect, the author identifies two different periods. The first starts with the inception of ECLAC and continues up to the 1970s. This period, during which efforts focused on achieving Latin America’s industrialization, essentially by means of import substitution, was characterized by what (he author terms “technological passivity” on the part of the relevant agents and of mainstream economic thought in the region.
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