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Trade and Development Report 2023
The Trade and Development Report 2023 analyses current economic trends and major policy issues of international concern and makes suggestions for addressing these issues at various levels. The report warns that the global economy is stalling with growth slowing in most regions compared with last year and only a few countries bucking the trend. The global economy is at a crossroads where divergent growth paths widening inequalities growing market concentration and mounting debt burdens cast shadows on the future. The prospect of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 is fading as a combination of rising interest rates weakening currencies and slowing export growth squeezes the fiscal space needed for governments to fight climate change and provide for their people. The report calls for a change in policy direction – including by leading central banks – and accompanying institutional reforms promised during the COVID-19 crisis to avert a lost decade. It urges global financial reforms more pragmatic policies to tackle inflation inequality and sovereign debt distress and stronger oversight of key markets. The report proposes actions to get the global economy moving in the right direction by using a balanced policy mix of fiscal monetary and supply-side measures to achieve financial stability boost productive investment and create better jobs. Part I of the report launches on 4 October 2023 with part II expected in November.
Trade and Development Report 2022
The Trade and Development Report 2022 analyses current economic trends and major policy issues of international concern and makes suggestions for addressing these issues at various levels. This year report emphasizes that structural imbalances and inequalities in the global macroeconomic environment have grown since the global financial crisis and have intensified further with the Covid-19 pandemic. With less than a decade to meet the Agenda 2030 the Trade and Development Report 2022 finds that current policy trends could imperil the progress of developing countries towards inclusive and sustainable development. While improved policy coordination is needed at the multilateral level to better address the vulnerabilities facing developing countries scaling up and strengthening regional arrangements can also help widen the opportunities from closer economic integration.
Trade and Development Report 2021
This report analyses the state of the world economy a year and half after the Covid-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The first part of the Report outlines key macro-financial aspects of the global economy focusing in particular on the prospects for a growth recovery while analyzing possible threats from public and private debt from inflationary spikes as well as from a return to the policies of the past. It pays particular attention to the situation of developing countries in the system of global finance and discusses issues of debt sustainability. As this year marks its 40th anniversary the Report also revisits the analyses provided in previous editions in response to shocks setbacks and crises that have hampered development during the era of hyperglobalization and underscores its abiding call for an inclusive global economic governance. The second part focuses on climate adaptation. It calls for a transformative approach to climate adaptation with large-scale public investment programmes to adapt to future as well as current threats and green industrial policies to drive growth and job creation. It also details reforms of the international financial system needed to get more climate adaptation funds flowing to developing countries.
Trade and Development Report 2020
Trade and Development Report 2019
Trade and Development Report 2018
This flagship publication examines different aspects of the nature and role of international trade in the era of hyperglobalization and considers related policy challenges that will need to be addressed if trade is to contribute to a more stable and inclusive global economic order. Research provides authoritative data and analysis on trade investment finance and technology. UNCTAD offers solutions to the major challenges facing developing countries particularly the poorest and most vulnerable nations. Beyond tailored analysis and policy recommendations UNCTAD research also generates global standards that govern responsible sovereign lending and borrowing investment entrepreneurship competition and consumer protection and trade rules.
Trade and Development Report 2017
The Trade and Development Report (TDR) launched in 1981 is issued every year for the annual session of the Trade and Development Board. The Report analyses current economic trends and major policy issues of international concern and makes suggestions for addressing these issues at various levels. This year’s Report focuses on the challenges for achieving inclusive growth in an era of austerity hyper globalization and financial fragility. It includes chapters on robotics gender and employment finance and inequality and the growing market power of non-financial corporations. It concludes by calling for Global New Deal and the sorts of policy components it must include in light of the analyses provided.
Trade and Development Report 2016
Trade and Development Report 2015
Trade and development report 2014
Trade and development report 2013
Trade and Development Report 2012
Trade and Development Report 1981-2011
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 2011
Reforms of financial regulations are progressing slowly and only at the national level monetary system reform is limited. After an interlude that some considered as a return to Keynesianism the orientation of macroeconomic policy especially fiscal policy is back to business as usual. This will hinder a sustained recovery of the world economy and open the door for new financial crises. Thus the rethinking of policies and reshaping the financial and monetary system remain an urgent task. This publication makes concrete proposals on how and in which priority areas to advance with strengthening regulation of the financial sector and commodity markets reform of the international monetary system and the reorientation of fiscal policy.
Trade and Development Report 2010
Trade and Development Report 2009
Trade and Development Report 2008
The Trade and Development Report 2008 subtitled Commodity Prices Capital Flows and the Financing of Investment” highlights the paradox that the “capital poor” developing world is exporting capital to the “capital rich” developed countries. The Report suggests shifting the focus in financial policies from households putting more money aside and imports of foreign savings to the reinvestment of profits and credit creation through the domestic banking system.
Trade and Development Report 2007
The current edition of the Report anticipates a fifth consecutive year of overall output growth and continued strong demand for primary commodities contributing to an overall increase in per capita gross domestic product in developing countries. The main risk to this positive scenario the Report warns is that a major recession in the United States could sharply curtail exports from China and India which are setting the pace for this growth. The report says regional cooperation can help reduce the vulnerability of developing nations to current account imbalances such as that of the US and also reduce their vulnerability to major shifts in exchange rates caused by speculative capital flows.
Trade and Development Report 2005
The world economy is still expanding but there are serious risks of a setback. Several populous Asian countries in particular China and India have emerged as new engines of economic growth. Thanks to their vigorous expansion and their appetite for natural resources many of their developing-country trade partners have reaped windfall profits from rising commodity prices and from surging demand for intermediate products. Some dark clouds are looming over this rather rosy horizon. Oil prices are historically high and place a huge burden on many developing countries. And there has been no multilateral action that might gently defuse global current-account imbalances. The Trade and Development Report recommends that international initiatives to alleviate poverty and reach the MDGs should not ignore the importance of a smooth unwinding of global economic imbalances that will allow the Asian Miracle to continue along with its positive repercussions for other less wealthy countries.
Trade and Development Report 2004
The current edition of the Trade and Development Report focuses on the global economic recovery currently underway. The Report raises questions about its considerable downside risks stemming from oil prices and exchange rates and the fact that both the sources and incidence of growth are unequally distributed around the globe. The TDR 2004 argues that to enable developing countries to establish a virtuous interaction between external financing domestic investment and export growth a feasible development agenda has to be based on the concept of coherence. UNCTAD warns that attempts by many countries to keep their currencies undervalued could end up in competitive devaluations that could be disastrous for the world economy. UNCTAD suggests that changes in the exchange rate that imply deviation from purchasing-power parity should be governed by multilateral regulations.
Trade and Development Report 2006
Since 2002 world economic expansion has had a strong positive impact on growth and helped support progress towards the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Most developing countries have benefited from this growth momentum as a result of strong demand for their exports of primary commodities and to an increasing extent of manufactures. However global economic imbalances continue to pose a risk to the outlook of the world economy. Much depends on the ability of developing countries to adopt more proactive policies in support of capital formation structural change and technological upgrading and on the latitude available to them in light of international rules and disciplines. The Trade and Development Report 2006 offers relevant ideas and general principles for designing macroeconomic sectoral and trade policies that can help developing countries to succeed in today’s global economic environment.
Trade and Development Report 2003
Trade and Development Report 2003 offers a distinct perspective on global economic trends and prospects and raises some disturbing questions about the frail state of the trade-development nexus - particularly critical in the aftermath of Cancún. It traces the difficulties back to the surges in global trade and financial flows in the 1990s and warns that pushing liberalization at a time of sluggish global growth and unemployment runs the danger of rekindling mercantilist reactions in advanced countries and false expectations in developing countries.
Trade and Development Report 2002
The Trade and Development Report 2002 (TDR 2002) analyzes trends and outlooks for the world economy and focuses on export dynamism and industrialization in developing countries. It demonstrates that although integration into world trade is essential it is not in itself sufficient for ensuring a country's development. The Report questions the conventional wisdom that export growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) automatically generate commensurate income gains. Why is it that developing countries are trading more but earning relatively less? UNCTAD thinks they are competing among themselves to export similar labour-intensive manufacturing products to the same markets. It suggests that countries should move into higher-value exports by upgrading technology and improving productivity. What next for developing countries after Doha and Monterrey? And what will China's WTO accession mean for other developing countries - and for China itself? There are signs that a world economic recovery may be under way. If so will it be sustained at a fast enough pace to benefit most developing countries? This would require a 3% growth rate in the industrial world - a rather unlikely prospect predicts UNCTAD.
Trade and Development Report 2001
The world economy is staring into a dangerous precipice; many see uncomfortable parallels with the period between the two world wars. Excessive financial liberalization has created a world where global private financial flows have broken free from multilateral supervision and regulation. Systemic instability and recurrent crises have followed and so far international policy makers have failed to find effective answers. This disturbing scenario provides the backdrop to the Trade and Development Report 2001. Part one of the report sets out to answer some key questions about the health of the world economy while part two takes a hard look at efforts to reform the international financial architecture.
Trade and Development Report 2000
A valuable resource for those involved in international business and economic development the Trade and Development Report (TDR) 2000 issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) examines current performance and prospects in the world economy. Held in high regard by political decision makers and researchers the world over the Report this year examines whether the current recovery in the global economy is built on solid foundations. It asks how the promise of an economic future underpinned by new technologies stands with the growing instability and uncertainty of market-driven globalization. The Report also looks at the elements of the East Asian recovery and considers policy options likely to bring about sustainable growth and development.
Trade and Development Report 1999
A valuable resource for those involved in international business and economic development the Trade and Development Report (TDR) 1999 issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) examines current performance and prospects in the world economy. It offers further reflections on the Asian financial crisis and discusses the euro and the international financial system. The report also examines asymmetries in the international trading and financial systems which continue to hamper growth prospects in developing countries.
Trade and Development Report 1998
A valuable resource for those involved in international business and economic development the Trade and Development Report 1998 (TDR) issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) examines current performance and prospects in the world economy. With the main theme of 'International Financial Instability and the World Economy' this illuminating publication offers a special focus on the East Asian crisis addressing the global impact of the crisis its causes and its consequences especially on developing countries. It discusses how financial instability continues to prevail underlining the 'systemic' nature of the repeated bouts of financial instability at roughly two-year intervals. The Report also focuses on African development. The analysis brings out the failures of the structural adjustment programs and advocates among others drastic steps lifting the external debt burden and giving African countries leeway in terms of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. TDR98 reveals that the prospects for the years ahead are extremely uncertain and puts forward recommendations on how future crises might be prevented.
Trade and Development Report 1997
This illuminating report sheds light on some of the pressing policy issues facing developing countries and the international community as a whole. It explores the interaction of trends in the international economy with the prospects of developing countries. The Report compares current economic performance with that of the preceeding year and examines future economic prospects at the regional and global level. This special report makes compelling reading for those seeking new knowledge and insights into the effects of globalization.
Trade and Development Report 1996
The new and illuminating report sheds light on some of the pressing policy issues facing developing countries and the international community as a whole. It explores the interaction of trends in the international economy with the prospects of developing countries. It compares current economic performance with that of the preceeding year and examines future economic prospects at the regional and global level. This special report also begins the task of examining the relevance of the Asian experience for us all to see and learn from.
Trade and Development Report 1995
The Trade and Development Report 1995 examines the impact of current international issues on the economies of developing countries. This is accomplished by comparing current economic performance with that of the preceding year and by examining future economic prospects for the world economy as a whole and for the different regions. In doing so it gives a distinctive view of the working of the world economy and of global macroeconomic management. Along with its analysis it offers policy recommendations.
Trade and Development Report 1994
The focus of the report is the functioning and interaction of all the different constituent parts of the world economy and of related dimensions of national and international policy. Special attention is given to issues of concern to developing countries. The coverage includes the movements of macroeconomic aggregates in developed and developing countries and in the economies of transition international trade and trade policies and financial and commodity markets.
Trade and Development Report 1993
The focus of the report is the functioning and interaction of all the different constituent parts of the world economy and of related dimensions of national and international policy. Special attention is given to issues of concern to developing countries. The coverage includes the movements of macroeconomic aggregates in developed and developing countries and in the economies of transition international trade and trade policies and financial and commodity markets.
Trade and Development Report 1992
The world economy has been suffering its most severe recession since the Second World War. Production has fallen in the United States and flattened in Japan. Western Europe is stagnating: the boost provided by German unification has petered out while high interest rates remain. Growth has picked up in Latin America but remains slow there and in other developing regions other than parts of Asia. Central and Eastern Europe are suffering a precipitous fall in living standards; the transition process is proving much more painful than anticipated. Overall signs of improvement are scant.
Trade and Development Report 1991
Overall the trade volume performance of developing countries in 1990 was mixed. There was a considerable deceleration in the growth of exports from South and South-East Asia for the second consecutive year mainly owing to a sharp slowdown in the exports of the four more in- dustrialized economies of the region. Also for the second consecutive year Latin America re- corded negligible export growth particularly for non-energy products. However results were highly varied among countries: those suffering from continued macroeconomic instability fared far worse than the remainder. In Africa the volume of exports registered an unusual spurt in 1990 but much of it was due to higher oil exports by the region's few energy-exporting countries. Moreover in commodity markets increases in export volumes are often associated with softness of prices. In China after a setback in 1989 exports recovered the momentum characteristic of the 1980s while imports fell substantially in response to restrictive macroeconomic policies.
Trade and Development Report 1990
The Trade and Development Report (TDR) launched in 1981 is issued every year for the annual session of the Trade and Development Board. The Report analyses current economic trends and major policy issues of international concern and makes suggestions for addressing these issues at various levels.
Trade and Development Report 1989
Global output and trade expanded very rapidly last year and are continuing to grow though at a somewhat reduced pace. The international economy is apparently in good health. However this appearance is misleading. The growth impulses that are present are quite fragile and will need to be actively protected.
Trade and Development Report 1988
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1987
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1986
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1985
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1984
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1983
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1982
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.
Trade and Development Report 1981
This publication identifies the key issues in the global economy and the design of development strategies addressed in the Trade and Development Report over the past three decades tracing them through its various editions. It shows how ideas opinions and proposals expressed in the Trade and Development Report and the analytical approaches used differed from those of “the mainstream” and their evolution in response to new challenges. This review revisits the concept of interdependence and explains the approach of the reports to macroeconomic and financial policies in both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes development policy failures and successes over the years.