China
China: Surplus labour and migration
The populations of most developing countries have been growing rapidly in recent decades. During the 1970s and 1980s the number of persons of working age has often grown even faster than total populations. The struggle to provide enough employment for a burgeoning labour force often fails resulting in high unemployment plus a large part of the working population “visibly underemployed” (working fewer hours or days than they would like) or “invisibly underemployed” (doing work of extremely low productivity for low income or underutilizing skills).
Ageing of the population in China: Trends and implications
The last decade has seen increasing interest in population ageing especially in the more developed countries of the world (Tinker 1989). The explosion of books journals and articles on ageing gives an indication of this growing interest. There are plenty of reasons for this interest: the profit motive the debate about the provision of social services and health care the involvement of elderly people themselves and most importantly the changing age structure of the population which will result in increasing dependency of the elderly on society.
Contraceptive failure and its subsequent effects in China: A two-stage event history analysis
Replacement of cheap IUDs with more effective ones could significantly reduce China’s high contraceptive failure rate
Temporary migration and its frequency from urban households in China
Since 1978 economic reforms have brought about dramatic increases in temporary migration.
Family characteristics of internal migration in China
Social factors and family considerations play an important part in shaping migration patterns and influencing outcomes
The effect of sex preference on subsequent fertility in two provinces of China
China’s birth control programme did reduce couples’ demand for children but it did not change their attitudes about ’male superiority’
Human resources development and poverty alleviation: A study of 23 poor counties in China
To reduce poverty there first must be an improvement in human resources and increased investment in human capital.
A speculative analysis of socio-economic influences on the fertility transition in China
The dramatic changes in fertility that occurred in China during the past few decades are well known. The 1982 One-per-Thousand Fertility Sampling Survey of China reveals that the total fertility rate fell from 5.81 at the beginning of 1950 to 2.63 in 1981.
Provincial patterns of contraceptive use in China
More attention should be paid to the quality of care in family planning programmes instead of focusing on quantitative aspects.
Spatial effects of “informal urbanization” in China: The case of Fujian Province
The effects of the development of township and village enterprises are not yet evident but their potential is enormous especially with regard to the need for urban planning
Sex ratio at birth in China, with reference to other areas in East Asia: What we know
Society-wide efforts are needed to emphasize the value of girls and women and to promote true equality of the sexes.
Social support among the aged in Wuhan, China
Besides living arrangements and enacted instrumental support proper emphasis should also be given to various aspects of interpersonal exchanges and their interrelationships
The fertility decline in China: The contribution of changes in marital status and marital fertility
The policy prospects for retaining a low level of fertility must take into account the effects of socioeconomic development on fertility.
Latin America meets China and India: Prospects and challenges for trade and investment
The high growth levels projected for China and India will make these two countries the most important pole of the global economy for the next few years creating a market of great potential for Latin American and Caribbean exports. These markets had remained largely untapped until recently with the exception of certain South American primary products. Latin America should strengthen its ties with the two Asian countries in order to increase production synergies with them. Free trade agreements and trade and investment partnerships should also be established in order to increase access to both markets and facilitate insertion into Asian production and export chains.
Recent economic trends in China and their implications for trade with Latin America and the Caribbean
Among the East and Southeast Asian economies often regarded as the most successful showcases the People’s Republic of China (PRC) occupies an outstanding place. This economy has one of the fastest growing GNPs in the world and its outward orientation in the post-Mao Zedong era has made the country a significant world trade partner so that the question of whether or not the economy stays on its sustained growth path will affect the welfare of the world economy in its entirety including Latin America. The deepening of the ongoing economic reforms coupled with prudent macro policies should insure that the PRC’s economy does indeed stay on course in its sustained yet gradual transformation process. Despite the already eminent position that the country occupies on the present world scene and its high growth prospects present economic ties between the PRC and Latin America are marginal: mutual trade flows and reciprocal investments remain at an extremely low level.
China’s economic reform and opening to the world: A retrospective and prospective view
Determinants of world manufacturing exports to China, 1990-2006
The WTO entry of China and its impact on the countries of the Caribbean Basin
The entry of China into the World Trade Organization if it takes place will unquestionably have a major impact on many nations. What is focused on here is the impact it would have on trade between the United States and the countries of the Caribbean Basin. The problems caused to the latter by Mexican membership of the North American Free Trade Agreement could be exacerbated by the shift of forces that would result from this new situation. The major expansion of textile and clothing exports from China to the United States that is in prospect would intensify the competition faced by the countries of the Basin and Mexico in that market. Nonetheless the recent expansion of the trade benefits granted by the United States to the Caribbean Basin which came into effect on 1 October 2000 gives a short respite (five years or so) in which these countries can seek to consolidate their exports particularly of wearing apparel. In the case of footwear increased trade between China and the United States could have adverse effects on the exports of the Dominican Republic to the United States market. As regards medical instruments Chinese exports would compete strongly with those of Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic in that same market.
El huésped no invitado del tlcan: China y la desintegración del comercio en América del Norte
En este trabajo se examina en qué medida el ingreso de China a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) en 2001 y el consiguiente aumento de las exportaciones mundiales afectaron a la composición del comercio entre los Estados Unidos de América y México hasta 2009. Los autores hallaron que el ingreso de China tuvo una gran repercusión en las relaciones comerciales entre esos dos países norteamericanos al reemplazar y desplazar a muchos de los baluartes de sus exportaciones que existían antes del ingreso chino a la OMC y después de la primera etapa del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) (1994-2000). Sobre la base de esta investigación los autores sugieren una variedad de opciones de políticas para revitalizar el comercio entre los Estados Unidos de América y México y cooperar con China en la economía mundial.
El “efecto China” en los precios de los productos básicos y en el valor de las exportaciones de América Latina
Entre los años 2002 y 2008 el auge de los precios de los productos básicos hizo que aumentaran notablemente los ingresos derivados de las exportaciones de América Latina en parte debido al incremento de la demanda china de esos productos. Se han estudiado exhaustivamente los efectos directos de las mayores exportaciones latinoamericanas a China pero el efecto indirecto de la acrecentada demanda china de los productos básicos en los precios mundiales ha recibido menos atención. Aquí se estima la contribución del crecimiento de dicha demanda al alza de los precios de los 15 principales productos básicos exportados desde la región. Estas estimaciones permiten calcular para toda la región la ganancia total en ingresos derivados de las exportaciones a raíz del “efecto China” en los precios mundiales. También se ofrecen cálculos de la repercusión neta de los incrementos de precios inducidos por China en las balanzas comerciales de 17 países latinoamericanos.