Somalia
Somalia at a glance
Somalia became independent in the 1960s when the two protectorates Great Britain’s in the South and Italy’s in the North were unified. A military coup headed by Mohamed Siad Barre in 1969 brought the country into a military regime that very soon shifted into an authoritarian rule which somehow managed to generate a certain degree of balance. After having experienced such ‘stability’ the country precipitated into a civil chaos in 1991 after Siad Barre was overthrown by opposing clans. Since then Somalia whose territory occupies a strategic and crucial position in the Horn of Africa has been living in full anarchy. Shortly after Barre’s capitulation the northern region of Somalia self-declared the independent Republic of Somaliland a country never recognized by other states which however has been preserving a stable existence: the Republic includes today eight administrative districts and it keeps its effort to guarantee democratic representation holding elections at all levels local and parliamentary.
Amorce historique de la Somalie vers la paix et la stabilité
Le 16 mars dernier l’atterrissage d’un vol de la Turkish Airlines à l’aéroport international d’Aden Adde situé près de la capitale somalienne Mogadiscio a marqué un renouveau. Pour la première fois en 20 ans un avion de ligne en provenance d’Europe avait fait le voyage jusqu’à cette capitale considérée comme l’une des plus instables de la région. Aujourd’hui six mois après le pays dispose d’un parlement d’une constitution provisoire d’un nouveau président et d’un premier ministre.
Stabilizing Somalia: A new chapter begins
When a Turkish Airlines flight touched down at Aden Adde International Airport near the Somali capital of Mogadishu on 16 March it seemed like a sign of good things to come. It was the first time in more than 20 years that a passenger plane from Europe had flown into the volatile city. Today more than half a year later the country has a parliament a provisional constitution a new president and a prime minister.
« La Somalie renaît de ses cendres »
Somalia rising from the ashes
Somalia. Media under attack
Freedom of information in Somalia is at risk: gripped by anarchic violence and chaos this nation of the Horn of Africa has been ranked among the deadliest country for media by the Committee to Protect Journalists.
Assessment of Development Results - Somalia
This report presents the findings of the ADR based on an analysis of relevance effectiveness efficiency and sustainability of UNDP interventions implemented between 2005 and 2010. The ADR also addresses the strategic positioning of UNDP. The evaluation relied on documents interviews with approximately 200 individuals including beneficiaries Somali authorities donors civil society representatives of international organizations and independent observers. The evaluation found that UNDP contribution to development results in Somalia has varied considerably depending on the region where activities were implemented. The report highlights several challenges and shortcomings in programme management. It concludes that despite these challenges UNDP Somalia continued to seize opportunities as they emerged through the peace process and enjoy a privileged relationship with the authorities and donors.
Assessment of Development Results - Somalia (Second Assessment)
This is the second Assessment of Development Results (ADR) conducted by the Independent Evaluation Office of UNDP in 2014 with a view to contributing to the realignment of the ongoing country programme (2011-2015) and the corresponding gender strategy to ensure consistency with: the Somali New Deal Compact the UN Integrated Strategic Framework the UNDP Strategic Plan (2014-2017) and the Gender Equality Strategy (2014-2017). In so doing the ADR will also contribute to the preparation of the new UNDP country programme that will begin in 2017.
Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders: Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya)
Judgment of 12 October 2021
No. 26944. United States of America and Somalia
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning economic and technical cooperation. Mogadiscio 14 June 12 and 13 October 1981
No. 26787. Federal Republic of Germany and Somalia
Agreement concerning financial cooperation. Signed at iMogadishu on 22 Jnne 1987
No. 46326. Netherlands and Somalia
EXCHANGE OF LETTERS CONSTITUTING AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS AND THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA ON THE ASSISTANCE FROM THE NETHERLANDS MILITARY FORCES TO PROTECT HUMANITARIAN AID FOR SOMALIA AGAINST PIRACY. DAR ES SALAAM 25 MARCH 2008 AND NAIROBI 28 MARCH 2008 AND 1 APRIL 2008 [United Nations Treaty Series vol. 2604 I-46326.]
No. 46230 Kenya and Somalia
No. 19449 International Fund for Agricultural Development and Somalia
No. 23975 International Fund for Agricultural Development and Somalia
No. 5563. Somalia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organisation, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization and World Meteorological Organization
REVISED STANDARD AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOMALI REPUBLIC FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE. MOGADISHU 28 JANUARY 1961 [United Nations Treaty Series vol. 387 I-5563.]
No. 49605. United Nations and Somalia
Agreement between the United Nations and the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia concerning the status of the United Nations Political Office for Somalia. Mogadishu 24 January 2012
No. 50319. South Africa and Somalia
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia on the establishment of diplomatic relations. Pretoria 13 March 2012
UNPOS (Somalia): Cause for hope
It is all too easy to write Somalia off as an intractable problem. The country has been without a functioning Government for two decades. It remains fragmented and national leaders can seem to lack the commitment to make hard choices for real change.
UNPOS (Somalia): Historic year for Somalia’s political progress
No. 34790. United States of America and Somalia
Agreement between the Governments of the United States of America and the Somali Democratic Republic for the sale of agricultural commodities. Mogadishu 29 February 1984
No. 26533. United States of America and Somalia
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning the provision of training related to defense articles under the United States International Military Education and Training (IMET) Program. Mogadishu 5 April and 6 June 1981
No. 26299. International Fund for Agricultural Development and Somalia
Financing Agreement—Wanle Weyne Integrated Development Project (with schedules and General Conditions applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund dated 11 April 1978 as amended on 11 December 1978). Signed at Rome on 9 June 1987
No. 26298. International Fund for Agricultural Development and Somalia
Loan Agreement—Livestock Health Services Project (with schedules and General Conditions applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund dated 11 April 1978 as amended on 11 December 1978). Signed at Rome on 7 January 1986
No. 26399. International Development Association and Somalia
Development Credit Agreement—Power Rehabilitation and Energy Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated I January 1985). Signed at Washington on 17 December 1987
No. 26904. International Development Association and Somalia
Development Credit Agreement-Second Agricultural Sector Adjustment Program (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 26 June 1989
No. 26204. International Development Association and Somalia
Development Credit Agreement—Technical Assistance for the Baardhere Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 4 January 1988
Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines
Introduction
The Evaluation Office of UNDP conducted an Assessment of Development Results (ADR) of UNDP programmes for Somalia between December 2009 and July 2010.
Terms of reference
The Evaluation Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) conducts country programme evaluations called Assessments of Development Results (ADRs) to capture and demonstrate evaluative evidence of UNDP contributions to development results at the country level. ADRs are carried out within the overall provisions contained in the UNDP Evaluation Policy.
Conclusions and recommendations
UNDP has been pushed – and has allowed itself to be pushed – into assuming responsibility for certain tasks and services that have reduced the credibility of the organization as a neutral and impartial development agent. This has resulted in a loss of ‘development space’.
UNDP response and strategies
UNDP implements programmes in Somalia under extremely difficult circumstances in a context of violence and attacks on staff and in a situation where a good part of the country is without an effective government or secular rule of law. The killing of the Head of the Mogadishu sub-office in July 2008 and the car bombing of the UNDP Hargeisa office in October 2008 have been particularly traumatic and have impacted considerably on the capacity of the organization – and the whole UN – to operate. One of the many consequences of these grave security incidents has been the evacuation of staff from South and Central Somalia and the severe restrictions on travel to and within other regions. The chaotic political process continued armed conflict in many parts of the country the emergence of radical groups and general instability have also been factors influencing decisions made by both UNDP and its donors.
Foreword
This is an independent country-level evaluation called the Assessment of Development Results (ADR) in Somalia conducted by the Evaluation Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This evaluation examined the relevance and strategic positioning of UNDP support and its contributions to the country’s development results from 2005 to 2010. It assessed the UNDP Somalia interventions under the three main programme areas and cross-cutting themes with the aim of providing forward-looking recommendations that are useful for the formulation of the new UNDP country programme.
Executive summary
Between December 2009 and July 2010 the Evaluation Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) carried out a country-level programme evaluation called an Assessment of Development Results (ADR) in Somalia. This report presents the findings of the ADR based on an analysis of relevance effectiveness efficiency and sustainability of UNDP interventions implemented between 2005 and 2010. The ADR also addresses the strategic positioning of UNDP. The evaluation relied on documents interviews with approximately 200 individuals including beneficiaries Somali authorities donors civil society representatives of international organizations and independent observers.
The national context and international aid
Located on the east coast of Africa north of the equator Somalia borders Ethiopia Djibouti and Kenya. It comprises Italy’s former Trust Territory of Somalia and the former British Protectorate of Somaliland. In 1991 after the collapse of the government of the Somali Republic parts of the north-western area formerly under British rule declared independence and became the Republic of Somaliland. In 1998 the leaders of the north-eastern region of Puntland declared it an autonomous state but without seeking secession from Somalia. The remainder of the territory now called South and Central Somalia spreads along the Indian Ocean up to Kenya. Somalia has one of the longest coastlines in Africa extending 2720 kilometres. The country has an estimated total area of 637657 km2 and a population of 8.7 million.
Acknowledgements
The UNDP Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) would like to thank all who contributed to this evaluation. The evaluation team was led and managed by Michael Reynolds. Other team members included Olivier Cossee (poverty reduction and environment team leader); Ximena Rios (management and operations team leader); and Grace Okonji (gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment team leader). Midway through the evaluation Deqa Ibrahim Musa took over from Michael Reynolds as evaluation manager. She updated and finalized the report.
Introduction
The Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) conducts country evaluations called assessments of development results (ADRs) to capture and demonstrate evaluative evidence of the UNDP contributions to development results at the country level. ADRs are independent evaluations carried out within the overall provisions contained in the UNDP evaluation policy. The IEO is independent of UNDP management and is headed by a Director who reports to the UNDP Executive Board. The purpose of an ADR is to:
Executive summary
The Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) conducted an evaluation in Somalia during 2014 and 2015. This Assessment of Development Results (ADR) primarily covers UNDP initiatives undertaken under the current country programme since 2011 through June 2015. The ADR aims to capture and demonstrate evaluative evidence of the contributions of UNDP to development results in Somalia. The ADR findings are expected to inform the next UNDP country programme. The primary users of the ADR are the UNDP country office and Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS).
Foreword
I am pleased to present the Assessment of Development Results (ADR) in Somalia. The UNDP Independent Evaluation Office conducted the ADR between 2014 and 2015. It is the second ADR conducted in Somalia and covers the period January 2011 through June 2015.
Management, operations and the strategic positioning of UNDP
This chapter focuses on two groups of factors that have affected the performance of UNDP in Somalia across all of the outcome areas of the ongoing country programme: (a) management and operations; and (b) strategic positioning. The former specifically includes issues related to management efficiency while strategic positioning is a factor that affects the performance of UNDP according to all criteria but mostly effectiveness.
Terms of references
The Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) conducts country evaluations called “Assessments of Development Results” (ADRs) to capture and demonstrate evaluative evidence of UNDP’s contributions to development results at the country level as well as the effectiveness of UNDP’s strategy in facilitating and leveraging national effort for achieving development results. The purpose of an ADR is to: