Viet Nam
The oral contraceptive pill in Viet Nam: Situation, client perspectives and possibilities for promotion
Viet Nam has one of the highest rates of abortion in the world according to the 1997 Demographic and Health Survey. Even though official statistics and survey fieldwork are likely to have underreported the number of abortions the rate is still high at 340 per 1000 pregnancies (Henshaw and Morrow 1990; NCPFP 2000a). This can be partly attributed to unmet need for contraceptives among married women and also to the fact that unmarried women do not have access to free modern contraceptives (Nguyen Minh Thang and others 1999). To deal with this situation the Vietnamese Government’s family planning programme is expanding the contraceptive mix so that temporary methods such as condoms and oral contraceptive pills are being given more emphasis especially the pills as they are so effective in preventing pregnancy (NCPFP 2000b; Harlap Kost and Forrest 1991).
Viet Nam’s older population: The view from the census
Viet Nam as many other countries in East and South-East Asia has been successful in its policy to lower fertility in the interest of national development. According to United Nations estimates the total fertility rate fell from over six just three decades ago to close to the replacement level by the turn of the twenty-first century. Life expectancy at birth increased during the same time by almost 20 years to close to 70 (United Nations 2001a). Past high fertility combined with mortality decline is resulting in substantial growth in the numbers of the older persons and in conjunction with the subsequent fertility decline to an increasing share of the overall population who are at older ages. Recent United Nations projections indicate that the population aged 60 and over will increase by 80 per cent in size in the first two decades of this new century and grow fivefold by mid-century (United Nations 2001b). By 2050 persons aged 60 and over will constitute almost a quarter of the total Vietnamese population.
Patrilines, patrilocality and fertility decline in Viet Nam
The 90 per cent or so of the Vietnamese population who belong to the Kinh ethnic group (Vietnam 1991: volume 1 table 1.4) have a patrilineal patrilocal family system. To conform to the rules of this system a couple must have at least one biological or adopted son Viet Nam’s dramatic fertility decline has however entailed a rise in the proportion of parents unable to fulfil this condition. What does this imply about the strength of Viet Nam’s patrilineal patrilocal norms now and in the future?
The strategic approach to the introduction of DMPA as an opportunity to improve quality of care for all contraceptive methods in Viet Nam
The Government of Viet Nam has an explicit policy to regulate population growth and in 1993 established replacement level fertility as a target. It has implemented a strong family planning programme and contraceptive prevalence is high. The contraceptive method mix however remained very skewed. In 1996 the contraceptive prevalence of modern methods was 52 per cent of which the IUD accounted for 72 per cent female sterilization 10.4 per cent condom 9 per cent and oral pills 6.9 per cent. The use of injectables was negligible. In addition 16.3 per cent reported using natural methods (NCPFP 1998). One of the concerns of the national population policy is to diversify the mix through adding more methods such as the DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) injectable and the Norplant implant. There continues to be a concern about the high rate of induced abortion in the country and the need to address unmet need for family planning has been highlighted as a means to address this issue (Be’ langer and Khuat Thu Hong 1998; Do Trong Hieu and others 1993).
Contract farming, agriculture productivity and poverty reduction: Evidence from tea estates in Viet Nam
Interest in contract farming is increasing because of its potential as an alternative channel for linking producers to international markets. However there is limited knowledge on contract farming of tea production in Viet Nam especially in more inaccessible provinces where tea production plays an important role in generating employment improving livelihood and reducing poverty. In the present paper the impact of contract farming on productivity is reviewed in Pho Tho province a major tea production area that has not been the focus of any other studies. Using survey data an analysis is conducted on the factors affecting tea productivity and the impact of contract farming on tea productivity in the province. The results indicate that the impact of factors on tea productivity is ambiguous. They also indicate that technical efficiency of tea production of contracted farmers is higher than that of other types of farmers by almost 5 per cent and that contract farming has a positive influence on tea productivity in the province. Because of different climatic conditions the results from this study are not generalizable across Viet Nam but they can be applied in the Northern midlands and mountainous areas.
Challenges in implementing decentralization of foreign direct investment management in Viet Nam — case study of the Hung Nghiep Formosa Ha Tinh Steel project in Ha Tinh province
Over the past decades an increasing number of developing countries in Asia have experimented with decentralization in varying degrees to achieve good governance and promote democracy. In Viet Nam even though decentralization has been limited to de-concentration (or administrative decentralization) foreign direct investment (FDI) management is vigorously decentralized at the provincial level and has proven to be problematic. In one instance it led to an environmental disaster in 2016. The objective of the present paper is to explore the factors resulting in ineffective decentralization of FDI management in Viet Nam focusing on the challenges that the local government has been dealing with under the decentralization set-up in particular with respect to environmental protection. Drawing on the case study of the Hung Nghiep Formosa Ha Tinh Steel project in Ha Tinh province it is argued that Viet Nam continues to lack the essential prerequisites for effective decentralization. It is the time for Viet Nam to reconsider the policy of decentralization in the area of FDI management. Bearing in mind that economic development is vital it should go hand in hand with environment protection in order to ensure the country’s sustainable development.
Antenatal care service availability and utilization in rural viet nam
Studies of determinants of reproductive health service utilization-maternal health services in particular-in developing countries have traditionally focused on individual-level factors. More recently policymakers programme managers and researchers have become interested in the influence of the quality of health-care services on service utilization. The availability of survey data that include information on individuals as well as the community and service environment allows researchers to examine the impact that of community-level factors including the availability of and accessibility to service providers have on utilization.
Gender and remittance flows in Viet Nam during economic transformation
Remittances are growing in importance in our globalizing world and consequently they are receiving greater attention from researchers. At the microeconomic level researchers tend to use household surveys to examine why people send remittances how the characteristics of remittance recipients compare to those of non-recipients how remittances impact poverty and the income distribution if remittances are spent for consumption or investment purposes and in order to access the role of remittances as an insurance mechanism. However an issue that has received less attention is the role of gender in remittance decisions from the perspective of both senders and receivers. In Viet Nam the doi moi economic reforms that began in 1986 have led to large-scale economic transformation in the country and gender has emerged as an important distinction for understanding how economic growth benefits society and the various subgroups of the population (Long and others 2000). Viet Nam represents a case of transition from the traditional patriarchal social structure of Confucianism to a structure of formal equality under socialism and currently with further changes taking place to a market economy. Using the Viet Nam Living Standards Surveys (VLSSs) for 1992-1993 and 1997-1998 which include information about remittance flows at the individual level attempts are made to shed some light on the role of gender in remittance decisions in Viet Nam during the period of rapid economic transformation.
The evolution of population policy in Viet Nam
The 1988 demographic survey of Viet Nam
The 1988 Viet Nam Demographic Survey was the first country-wide demographic survey of Viet Nam. The sample was drawn according to the sample design recommended by the World Fertility Survey (WFS). It was a three-stage random probability sample of 4800 households in 12 provinces and 151 communes.
Client perspectives on quality of reproductive health services in Viet Nam
Many clients lack correct and specific information about side-effects for the method they are using.
Young single women using abortion in Hanoi, Viet Nam
If unmarried youth had better reproductive health information and skills their use of pregnancy termination could be reduced.
Permanent and temporary migration in Viet Nam during a period of economic change
Migration patterns and selectivity will probably parallel those in other developing countries of Asia and Africa.
Perinatal mortality in Viet Nam
The 1999 population and housing census of Viet Nam estimated the population to be 76 million people (CCSC 1999). According to the 1994 intercensal survey the total fertility rate (TFR) was 3.1 children per woman of reproductive age in 1993 (GSO 1995). The estimate from the 1999 census was 2.3 children per woman in 1999. These estimates suggest that fertility has been falling rapidly in Viet Nam.
Pregnancy termination and contraceptive failure in Viet Nam
If more couples were to use effective contraception the proportion of women receiving pregnancy terminations could be drastically reduced.
Population programme in Viet Nam: Highlights from the 1997 demographic and health survey
The most recent Demographic and Health Survey of Viet Nam (VN-DHS II) was conducted in 1997 as a nationwide survey. Conducted by the General Statistical Office (GSO) with technical backstopping provided by Macro International it is the country’s first such survey since the DHS conducted in 1988. The 1997 VN-DHS was among a number of activities undertaken as part of a "population and family health" project executed by the National Committee for Population and Family Planning (NCPFP).
Enhancing the development impact of migrant remittances and diaspora: the case of Viet Nam
In a traditional viewpoint migrants are both pushed by lack of opportunities at home and pulled by the hope of economic gain. A search for a better life is often underlying the movements. Development processes affect and are affected by migration flows. Migration can help to achieve this by associating people more closely with available economic opportunities employment and services. This thesis remains relevant today. Both internal and international migration is on the whole contributing to development and poverty reduction (IOM 2003). The monies sent back by migrants contribute more to national and local economies than trade in several countries. Registered remittances to the countries of origin were estimated at US$100 billion in 2004. It represents roughly one and a half times official development assistance (Newland 2004). In addition a large unknown amount is transferred through informal channels or to countries that do not report statistics on remittances. A major reason to transfer money through informal channels is the still inadequately developed banking systems in countries of origin. The effects of remittances on development are often complex and contradictory but seen in a positive light by a majority of researchers.
Age at first marriage in Viet Nam: Patterns and determinants
The long war for independence left noticeable impacts on age at marriage of certain groups of young men and women.
Sexual behaviour related to HIV/AIDs: Commercial sex and condom use in Hanoi, Viet Nam
Globally 40 million adults and children were living with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) at the end of 2001. Of infected adults 48 per cent were women. In 2001 the global adult HIV prevalence rate was 1.2 per cent. During that year 5 million people were newly infected with HIV and 3 million died due to HIV/AIDS. In many parts of the developing world the majority of new infections occurred among young adults with young women being especially vulnerable. About one third of those currently living with HIV/AIDS are aged 15 to 24 years. Most of them do not know they carry the virus. Many millions more know nothing about the virus or too little to protect themselves (UNAIDS 2001).
Measuring the impact of cash crops on household expenditure and poverty in rural Viet Nam
Estimation of the impact of rural roads on household welfare in Viet Nam
Risk managmement networks of ethnic minorities in Viet Nam
An overview of access to and inequality in the education system of Viet Nam
The impact of international and internal remittances on household welfare: Evidence from Viet Nam
Reaching a Universal Health Insurance in Viet Nam: Challenges and the role of Government
Infant feeding practices in Viet Nam
Sustained efforts to promote healthful infant feeding practices are likely to be required to maintain and improve the Currently favourable situation.
Foreign investment and female employment in Viet Nam
This paper investigates how the interplay between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the availability of technology affects labour market outcomes for women in Viet Nam. Using household surveys we explore the relationship between industrial exposure to FDI access to technology and employment and wages. We find that FDI is associated with increases in employment and wages by more in hightechnology areas of the country. In areas of the country with weak technology foreign investment is associated with lower employment and lower wages particularly for men. Together these results highlight the importance of absorptive capacity; that is to truly benefit from foreign investment the domestic economy needs a sound education system and established technology. We also find that an equal increase in foreign investment in high-tech provinces is associated with larger increases in top wages for men than for women. In general these results suggest that foreign investment may be associated with a rising gender wage gap at the high end of the wage distribution.
Bridging the productivity gap: A comparative analysis of foreign-owned and domestic firms in Viet Nam
This study investigates the productivity gap between foreign-owned and domestic firms in Viet Nam. Using quantile regression estimation for the period of 2011–2020 the study first examines the impact of firms’ specifics and of provincial governance quality on firms’ total factor productivity at different points of the productivity distribution. The results show that labour productivity market share and return on assets appear to significantly affect firm productivity regardless of firm groups or quantiles. To understand the productivity gap between foreign and domestic firms the study uses the quantile decomposition approach to differentiate the factors that contribute to the gap at different quantiles. Our findings reveal that across quantiles most of the productivity gap is explained by firms’ specifics especially labour productivity. To address the productivity gap between foreign-owned and domestic firms in Viet Nam policymakers should focus on enhancing domestic firms’ access to technology firms’ experience and human capital development as firm-specific factors appear to be major contributors to the productivity differential. In addition improving provincial governance quality and creating an enabling environment for both foreign-owned and domestic firms can further stimulate productivity growth and foster healthy competition in the manufacturing sector.
Assessment of Development Results - The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Second Assessment)
Assessment of Development Results - Viet Nam
This two volume report on Viet Nam’s Assessment of Development Results (ADR) focuses on the following three thematic areas: fostering democratic governance; achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and reducing poverty under a human development perspective; and ensuring environmental sustainability. Reflecting on the characteristics of Viet Nam’s economic history its current juncture and prospects the ADR examined the past with a forward-looking perspective.
Demand in Viet Nam for Rhinoceros Horn Used in Traditional Medicine
This study aims to understand better the demand for traditional medicine and more contemporary health-related reasons collectively referred to as ATM in this report in Viet Nam. The country is strategically important for illegally traded wildlife products such as pangolin scales and rhino horn. Using an in-person survey of over 1000 respondents on wildlife consumed as medicine the study had four main objectives: identify consumer profile of ATM users (age income gender etc.) identify recent trends in ATM consumption among users focusing on two high conservation-value species (pangolin and rhino) identify the main attributes of demand (quality price harvesting method etc.) evaluate the policy options to reduce demand for high-conservation species. To provide insights and broader overview of market trends the authors also interviewed experts in ATM in Viet Nam.
Vulnerability to Environmental Stress
Household Livelihoods, Assets and Mobility in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam
This study explores vulnerability and household response measures in the contexts of environmental stress in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Displacement estimates are often based on broad assumptions derived from macro-scale geographical data viewing individuals’ vulnerability to hazards through the lens of their physical proximity to hazard-prone areas. Given that household assets shape responses to opportunities and threats this report examines key household assets which determine the household vulnerability livelihood outcomes and those critical for mobility decision-making in the face of environmental change. The report also provides analysis of government relocation programmes targeting households susceptible to hazards and draws attention to the most asset-poor who are often trapped and the least able to both adapt to stressors in- situ or migrate elsewhere.
No. 32652. Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord et Viet Nam
Échange de notes constituant l’Accord de dette no 1 Royaume-Uui/Viet Nam (1993) [avec anuexe]. Hanoi 1er décembre 1994
No. 32935. Association internationale de développement et Viet Nam
Accord de crédit de développement — Projet de développement de l’énergie (avec annexes et Conditions generals applicables aux accords de crédit de développement en date du 1er janvier 1985). Signé à Washington le 26 février 1996
No. 32936. Association internationale de développement et Viet Nam
Accord de crédit de développement — Projet de soutien aux services nationaux de santé (avec annexes et Conditions générales applicables aux accords de crédit de développement en date du 1er janvier 1985). Signé à Washington le 26 février 1996
No. 32938. Association internationale de développement et Viet Nam
Accord de crédit de développement — Projet d’action sociale (avec annexes et Conditions générales applicables aux accords de crédit de développement en date du 1er janvier 1985). Signé à Washington le 17 janvier 1996
No. 33399. Autriche et Viet Nam
Accord relatif à la promotion et à la protection des investissements (avec protocole). Signé à Hanoi le 27 Mars 1995
No. 32796. Association internationale de développement et Viet Nam
Accord de crédit de développement — Projet de réhabilitation et d’expansion du secteur de l’électricité (avec annexes et Conditions générales applicables aux accords de credit de développement en date du 1er janvier 1985). Signé à Hanoi le 11 juillet 1995
No. 31608. France et Viet Nam
Convention en vue d’éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l’évasion et la fraude fiscales en matière d’impôts sur le revenu et sur la fortune (avec protocole). Signée à Hanoï le 10 février 1993
No. 32305. Danemark et Viet Nam
Accord relatif à la promotion et à la protection réciproque des investissements. Signé à Hanoi le 25 août 1993
No. 32292. Association internationale de développement et Viet Nam
Accord de crédit de développement — Projet de réhabilitation de l’irrigation (avec annexes et Conditions générales applicables aux accords de crédit de développement en date du 1er janvier 1985). Signé à Hanoi le 11 juillet 1995
No. 32757. Allemagne et Viet Nam
Échange de notes constituant un arrangement relatif à la coopération technique — Programme relatif à la sécurité alimentaire de Quang Binh. Hanoi 30 octobre 1995 et 6 janvier 1996
No. 32877. Finlande et Viet Nam
Accord relatif à la promotion et à la protection réciproque des investissements. Signé à Helsinki le 13 septembre 1993
No. 32937. Association internationale de développement et Viet Nam
Accord de crédit de développement — Projet de population et de santé familiale (avec annexes et Conditions generals applicables aux accords de crédit de développement en date du 1er janvier 1985). Signé à Washington le 26 février 1996
No. 32682. France et Viet Nam
Accord de coopération dans le domaine de la santé et de la médecine. Signé à Hanoi le 10 février 1993