This publication contains information about the licit movement of the internationally controlled narcotic drugs included in the Schedules of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. This includes information on cultivation of opiate raw materials, on extraction of alkaloids from opium, poppy straw and concentrate of poppy straw; on the manufacture of consumption, utilization, and stocks of opiates and opioids; and international global trade in narcotic drugs as well as in individual countries/territories. The publication also contains the estimated requirements of narcotic drugs for each country and territory.

Esta segunda edición de Nacidos libres e iguales tiene en cuenta los avances desde la publicación de la primera edición en 2012, incluidas las decisiones de las Naciones Unidas y los organismos de derechos humanos regionales y nacionales. Establece la fuente y el alcance de las obligaciones legales de los Estados miembros con respecto a los derechos de las personas LGBTI, y también integra, por primera vez, recomendaciones con respecto a los derechos de las personas intersexuales. Está diseñado como una herramienta para los Estados, para ayudarlos a comprender mejor la naturaleza de sus obligaciones y los pasos necesarios para cumplirlas, así como para los activistas de la sociedad civil, los defensores de los derechos humanos y otros que buscan hacer que los gobiernos rindan cuentas por violaciones del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos.

This annual publication provides technical information on the licit movement of the internationally controlled narcotic drugs. The relevant 1961 Convention establishes strict controls on the cultivation of opium poppy, coca bush, cannabis plant and their products, which, in the Convention, are described as "narcotic drugs"; (although cocaine is a stimulant drug rather than one that induces sleep). Control is exercised over 136 narcotic drugs, mainly natural products, such as opium and its derivatives, morphine, codeine and heroin, but also synthetic drugs, such as methadone and pethidine, as well as cannabis and coca leaf. The production and distribution of controlled substances must be licensed and supervised, and governments must provide estimates and statistical returns on the quantities of drugs required, manufactured and utilized and the quantities seized by police and customs officers.

This publication presents a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas of the world for the years 1970 to 2001. The data is available in the form of analytical tables based on statistics from the National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables (MADT). Where official data is not available estimates have been provided by the Statistics Division of the United Nations. The analysis covers the level of total and per capita gross domestic product, economic structures, economic development and price development.

This publication presents, in the form of analytical tables, a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official detailed national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas of the world for the years 1970 to 2004. Where official data is not available estimates have been provided by the Statistics Division of the United Nations. The analysis covers the level of total and per capita gross domestic product, economic structures, economic development and price development.

This publication presents, in the form of analytical tables, a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official detailed national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas of the world for the years 1970 to 2006. The analysis covers the level of total and per capita gross domestic product, shares of gross domestic product by expenditure and by kind of activity, economic structures, economic development and price development, average growth of gross domestic product and components thereof, and implicit price deflators. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993.

This publication comprises analytical tables of national accounting aggregates for more than 200 countries and areas, for 1970-2019. It contains estimation methods for compiling data. Tables include analysis of data on GDP by structural components, classified into: 1) analysis of level and real growth of total and per capita GDP; 2) analysis of percentage shares of GDP by type of expenditure and gross value by economic activity; 3) analysis of economic development expressed in terms of real growth of GDP and its components by type of value, and 4) analysis of price development reflected by implicit price deflators of GDP.

The National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates 2021 comprises in the form of analytical tables a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas, covering the period 1970-2021. It also contains a section on the estimation methods used for compiling data, and is prepared by the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations in cooperation with national statistical offices. Tables include analysis of data on gross domestic product (GDP) by different structural components. They are classified into: 1) analysis of the level and real growth of total and per capita GDP; 2) analysis of the percentage share of GDP by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity; 3) analysis of economic development expressed in terms of real growth of GDP and its components by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity; and 4) analysis of price development reflected by implicit price deflators of GDP.

This publication contains detailed national accounts estimates for most countries or areas of the world for selected years between 1987 to 1998. The estimates for each country or area are presented in separate chapters with uniform table headings and classifications as recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the SNA conceptual framework, classifications and definitions are included in this publication. National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables contains statistics in such areas as: gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors. It is a valuable source of information on the economic situation of countries.

This publication contains detailed national accounts estimates for 178 countries and areas of the world for the reporting year 2000. The estimates for each country or area are presented in separate chapters with uniform table headings and classifications as recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the SNA conceptual framework, classifications and definitions are included in this publication. National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables contains statistics in such areas as: gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors. It is a valuable source of information on the economic situation of countries.

This publication contains detailed national accounts estimates for 169 countries and areas of the world for the years 1992 to 2003. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the conceptual framework of the SNA and definitions of important terms are also included in this publication. Other statistical information covered includes gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors.

The forty-seventh issue of National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables shows detailed national accounts estimates for 176 countries and areas for the reporting years 1994 to 2005. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the conceptual framework of the SNA and definitions of important terms are also included in this publication. Other statistical information covered includes gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors.

The forty-ninth issue of National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables shows detailed national accounts estimates for most of the world's countries and areas for the reporting years 1995 to 2007. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the conceptual framework of the SNA and definitions of important terms are also included in this publication. Other statistical information covered includes gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors.

This publication presents, in the form of analytical tables, a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official detailed national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas of the world for the years 1970 to 2009. The analysis covers the level of total and per capita gross domestic product, shares of gross domestic product by expenditure and by kind of activity, economic structures, economic development and price development, average growth of gross domestic product and components thereof, and implicit price deflators. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993.

The sixty-second issue of this series, this publication shows detailed national accounts estimates for over 200 countries and areas for the reporting years 2009 to 2020. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the conceptual framework of the SNA and definitions of important terms are also included in this publication. Other statistical information covered includes gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors.

This is the sixty-fourth issue of National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, showing detailed national accounts estimates for 210 countries and areas for the reporting years 2011 to 2022. The national data for each country and area are presented in separate chapters using uniform table headings and classifications recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). A summary of the conceptual framework of the SNA and definitions of important terms are also included in this publication. Other statistical information covered includes gross domestic product, national income, savings, private and government consumption, and transactions of institutional sectors.

Zambia belongs to the least developed countries' (LDCs) and landlocked developing countries’ (LLDCs) groups. The country has made socioeconomic progress in some areas, but still exhibits many of the challenges afflicting LDCs in general. Zambia’s economy remains significantly dependent on the mining and export of copper. This has left the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the copper price and highly exposed to external shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Zambia’s economy is furthermore characterized by weak productive capacities and lack of structural economic transformation. UNCTAD prepares National Productive Capacities Gap Assessments (NPCGA) to provide support to graduating LDCs, following the inclusion of the Productive Capacities Index (PCI) in the graduation monitoring process, in view of developing their smooth transition strategies. The NPCGA examines Zambia’s socioeconomic challenges, opportunities, and prospects. It identifies comparative advantages of the country and key binding constraints to socioeconomic development. It recommends a series of pragmatic and forward-looking policy actions at domestic level together with international support measures (ISMs) aimed at fostering productive capacities and achieving structural economic transformation. The ultimate objective of NPCGA is to enable Zambia to graduate with momentum from the LDC category and to realize its ambition to become a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030.

National Trade Facilitation Committees (NTFCs) have been transformed from being largely unknown institutional bodies to leading governments’ trade facilitation efforts and policy agendas for cross border trade. Yet so much remains to be done to adequately position these committees as the drivers of trade facilitation measures and harness their multistakeholder potential for trade facilitation reforms. Various Trade Facilitation Bodies had been formed since the 1970s, but it was not until the negotiations and entry into force of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) that common challenges of institutional setups for trade efforts in many countries became apparent. This created urgency for the strengthening of NTFCs across the world as leading coordination mechanism for coherent and all-inclusive trade facilitation policy reforms. UNCTAD has been an implementing partner of many countries on trade facilitation measures over the years. This study updates, builds and expands upon previous UNCTAD studies.

The Kyrgyz Republic is committed to enhancing economic growth, restoring trade routes, and especially to tackling the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected small and medium enterprises (SME) involved in trade and cargo services. Furthering trade facilitation is one area of priority, as this is crucial to strengthening subregional cooperation and reducing the impediments to moving goods across borders. This Trade Facilitation Roadmap was therefore developed within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) project “Strengthening the capacity of the Kyrgyz Republic National Trade Facilitation Council to implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement”, taking into account trade-related solutions to the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary conditions for accelerating a sustainable economic recovery.

This publication shows how natural capital accounting, in particular the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), can be used to answer a variety of policy questions on biodiversity. This report is aimed at policymakers at various levels, who are responsible for creating or implementing biodiversity policies or policies that are dependent upon or impact biodiversity. This document presents how the SEEA can be used in the formulation of effective biodiversity policy, with a focus on those policies that relate to ecosystems, ecosystem services and species. The report provides several successful examples that are aimed to inspire policymakers in applying the SEEA to inform effective biodiversity policies.

This publication shows how natural capital accounting, in particular the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), can be used to answer a variety of policy questions on sustainable macroeconomic strategies. This report is aimed at macroeconomic policymakers at various levels, including international organizations and national governments, especially central banks and finance ministries. The report provides several successful examples that are aimed to inspired policymakers in applying the SEEA to inform strategies that ensure sustainable and green long-term growth.

Nature underpins our lives, societies, and economies and is fundamental to achieving our 2030 Agenda. Addressing the nature crisis is essential to eradicating and preventing poverty, reducing inequalities, and protecting human rights. Moreover, nature is a positive source of solutions and hope: a nature-positive transition is central to tackling planetary crises such as climate change. This publication offers entry points to operationalize the opportunity to advance the SDGs through nature. It will help decision-makers and practitioners recognize programming options and make the case for investing in nature to achieve development outcomes. It comprises key facts, figures and talking points about nature through five different practice lenses - Nature for Food Security; Nature for Water Security; Nature for Climate Action; Nature for Gender Equality; Nature for Peace. This is a ‘living’ resource and call to action that will expand to cover more practices.

The Nepal Rapid e-Trade Readiness Assessment is the fourth such assessment conducted by UNCTAD. The e-commerce industry in Nepal is at a nascent stage and represents an underexplored market. The fast-increasing Internet penetration, especially in the Kathmandu Valley, has opened opportunities for several e-trade niches. Domestic and foreign players are trying to address the needs of the e-commerce ready population, creating healthy competition, in particular among financial service and payment service providers. This marked increase in demand for e-commerce in Nepal is attributed to a growing segment of the population that is young, educated and technology-dependent. Sectors benefiting from this e-commerce development includes retail, mobile operators and payment sectors. Despite these promising trends, e-commerce is currently not achieving its full development potential in Nepal. E-commerce could become a key contributor to economic growth and foreign trade in years to come, thanks to better ICT infrastructure and innovation. The steady rise of Internet use in Nepal has improved accessibility of e-commerce for the population. As of April 2017, Internet penetration was at 58 per cent, from 8 per cent in 2010. Most consumers in Nepal access the Internet through 2G or 3G mobile data services.

New data and analysis in the report, New Threats to Human Security in the Anthropocene, shows that people’s sense of safety and security is at a low in almost every country, including the richest countries, despite years of upwards development success. Those benefiting from some of the highest levels of good health, wealth, and education outcomes are reporting even greater anxiety than 10 years ago. To tackle this disconnect between development and perceived security, the report calls for greater solidarity across borders and a new approach to development; one that allows people to live free from want, fear, anxiety and indignity. The imperative to act now has never been more clear, as new findings also show that global life expectancy at birth is falling for a second year because of COVID-19, and overall human development measures are also moving downward. Furthermore, climate change is likely to become a leading cause of death around the world. Even with moderate mitigation of emissions, some 40 million people might die because of changes in temperatures before the end of the century. The report examines a cluster of threats that have shifted to become more prominent in recent years including those from digital technologies, inequalities, conflicts, and the ability of healthcare systems to tackle new challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing these threats will require policy makers to consider protection, empowerment, and solidarity alongside one another so that human security, planetary considerations and human development all work together and not despite each other. This means that solutions for one problem shouldn’t exacerbate other problems. The report also notes the strong association between declining levels of trust and feelings of insecurity. People with higher levels of perceived human insecurity are three times less likely to find others trustworthy.

Los desplazamientos, ya sean de corta duración o prolongados, pueden multiplicar los riesgos relacionados con el clima que corren los niños, las niñas y sus familias. Tras una catástrofe, los niños y niñas pueden quedar separados de sus padres o cuidadores, lo que aumenta el peligro de que sean víctimas de la explotación, la trata y el abuso. Los desplazamientos pueden interrumpir el acceso a la educación y la atención sanitaria, exponiendo a los niños y niñas a la desnutrición, las enfermedades y la falta de una vacunación adecuada. Para obtener más información sobre el creciente número de niños y niñas desplazados por fenómenos meteorológicos cada vez más intensos y frecuentes, e identificar a quienes corren mayor riesgo, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) y el Observatorio de Desplazamiento Interno (IDMC), en colaboración con la Fundación Patrick J. McGovern, analizaron los desplazamientos infantiles vinculados a desastres meteorológicos ocurridos entre 2016 y 2021 y –basándose en el modelo de riesgo del IDMC–estimaron el riesgo de desplazamiento infantil en el futuro. El informe analiza los peligros meteorológicos más comunes que provocan el mayor número de desplazamientos: inundaciones, tormentas, sequías e incendios forestales. En conjunto, estos peligros representan más del 99% de todos los desplazamientos relacionados con el clima registrados por el IDMC desde 2016, mientras que peligros como el calor extremo, la erosión y los deslizamientos de tierra, constituyen el resto3. Debido a la falta de datos disponibles, el análisis no evalúa toda la gama de fenómenos meteorológicos que pueden contribuir a los desplazamientos, especialmente en lo que atañe a los procesos climáticos de evolución más lenta. Por lo tanto, estos resultados representan estimaciones conservadoras, y es probable que el número real de desplazamientos infantiles relacionados con el clima sea mucho mayor.

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement was signed by the majority of African Union Member States in March 2018, ratified by the required number of countries by May 2019, and came into force in January 2021. If all members ratify it, the agreement will bring together 1.2 billion people with a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of more than US$ 3 trillion. Regional integration is contributing to economic prosperity and sustainable development. Achieving the aim of “Creating One African Market” will critically depend on addressing non-tariff measures (NTMs) – not only tariffs. The global economic restrictiveness of NTMs is several times higher than that of current tariffs. This report analyses the most recent non-tariff measures (NTMs) data, collected over the last 4 years and covering two-thirds of the continent. Based on this data, we estimate Africa-specific ad-valorem equivalents of NTMs and assess the cost-reducing potential of regulatory convergence. The potential impacts of adhering to international and regional standards will also be estimated.

Este informe ofrece una introducción a las NVS como instrumentos para mejorar la sostenibilidad del comercio internacional. En el capítulo I se describen las NVS, su creación y su evolución. Se muestra que han crecido significativamente como herramienta de gobernanza transnacional en lo que respecta al número de NVS, el número de sectores y productos básicos en los que se aplican y la proporción de producción certificada de algunos productos básicos respecto de la producción mundial total de esos productos. En el capítulo II se profundiza en la contribución de las NVS a la consecución de los objetivos de sostenibilidad. Se describen detalladamente el funcionamiento de las NVS y los distintos agentes que intervienen en el proceso de certificación. También se destaca la gran diversidad de NVS que existe. En el capítulo III se revisan las publicaciones y las evidencias acerca de la eficacia de las NVS. La eficacia se aborda desde dos dimensiones diferentes: la primera se centra en la adopción o aplicación de las NVS y la segunda se ocupa del impacto de las NVS sobre el terreno según diferentes indicadores de sostenibilidad, prestando especial atención a sus efectos sociales y ambientales. En el capítulo IV se describe el uso de las NVS en el marco de otros instrumentos de política comercial. Se detalla la integración de las NVS en las políticas públicas como instrumentos complementarios para alcanzar los objetivos de esas políticas.

Au moment de célébrer le soixante-quinzième anniversaire de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, le monde a dû faire face à la plus grande épreuve collective qu'il ait eu à surmonter depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale: la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19). Alors même que notre bien-être et la pérennité de la vie humaine ne peuvent être assurés que si nous sommes capables de collaborer, la coopération internationale se dérobe chaque jour davantage. Le présent rapport a été établi à la requête des États Membres, qui ont démandé que leur soient présentées des recommandations visant à faire avancer notre programme commun et à relever les défis actuels et futurs. Dans les propositions qui y sont formulées, on préconise avant tout de bâtir un nouveau contrat social adapté aux enjeux du siècle, de faire une place aux jeunes et aux générations futures et de nouer un nouveau pacte mondial qui permette de mieux protéger les communs mondiaux et de fournir des biens publics mondiaux. Appelant à une plus grande solidarité – dans chaque pays, entre générations et au sein du système multilatéral –, notre programme commun ouvre la voie à un avenir meilleur, plus vert et plus sûr.

This annual publication provides technical information on the licit movement of the internationally controlled narcotic drugs. The relevant 1961 Convention establishes strict controls on the cultivation of opium poppy, coca bush, cannabis plant and their products, which, in the Convention, are described as “narcotic drugs”; (although cocaine is a stimulant drug rather than one that induces sleep). Control is exercised over 136 narcotic drugs, mainly natural products, such as opium and its derivatives, morphine, codeine and heroin, but also synthetic drugs, such as methadone and pethidine, as well as cannabis and coca leaf. The production and distribution of controlled substances must be licensed and supervised, and governments must provide estimates and statistical returns on the quantities of drugs required, manufactured and utilized and the quantities seized by police and customs officers.

The expansion of non-contributory pension systems in the region has been one of the major milestones in the development of social protection architecture in a context of high levels of informal labour, rapid population ageing, and significant gaps and inequalities, including gender inequalities. Non-contributory pension systems have expanded substantially in the twenty-first century, approaching a coverage rate of 3 in 10 persons aged 65 years and over in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2022. Establishing non-contributory pension systems and strengthening those that already exist in the countries of the region can decisively contribute to the civilized objective of eradicating poverty in old age, helping to significantly reduce inequalities and to ensure protected levels of income during this phase of life. This publication proposes a collective approach to addressing the risks associated with old age, one that focuses on building revitalized architecture for well-being to advance towards universal coverage centred on sustainability and solidarity. The achievement of sustainable non-contributory pension systems is foundational to the pursuit of solidarity and the full exercise of rights in old age.

This volume, prepared by the Division for the Development and Codification of International Law of the Legal Department of the Secretariat of the United Nations, is the twenty-second in the United Nations Legislative Series, a systematic collection of those national legislative texts which deal with matters of international concern and constitute evidence of the practice of States in the field of international law. The purpose of this series is to fill a gap in international documentation by gathering together materials which are at present widely scattered and often difficult of access. The preparation of such a collection has been advocated by many official and unofficial bodies, and was recommended by the International Law Commission in its report of 29 July 1950. The content of this volume concerns the regime of the high seas, one of the three topics selected by the International Law Commission for early codification.

This volume, prepared by the Division for the Development and Codification of International Law of the Legal Department of the Secretariat of the United Nations, is the twenty-fourth in the United Nations Legislative Series, a systematic collection of those national legislative texts which deal with matters of international concern and constitute evidence of the practice of States in the field of international law. The purpose of this series is to fill a gap in international documentation by gathering together materials which are at present widely scattered and often difficult of access. The preparation of such a collection has been advocated by many official and unofficial bodies, and was recommended by the International Law Commission in its report of 29 July 1950. The content of this volume concerns the regime of the high seas, one of the three topics selected by the International Law Commission for early codification.

This volume, prepared by the Division for the Development and Codification of International Law of the Legal Department of the Secretariat of the United Nations, is the sixteenth in the United Nations Legislative Series, a systematic collection of those national legislative texts which deal with matters of international concern and constitute evidence of the practice of States in the field of international law. The purpose of this series is to fill a gap in international documentation by gathering together materials which are at present widely scattered and often difficult of access. The preparation of such a collection has been advocated by many official and unofficial bodies, and was recommended by the International Law Commission in its report of 29 July 1950. The content of this volume concerns the regime of the high seas, one of the three topics selected by the International Law Commission for early codification.

This volume, prepared by the Division for the Development and Codification of International Law of the Legal Department of the Secretariat of the United Nations, is the nineteenth in the United Nations Legislative Series, a systematic collection of those national legislative texts which deal with matters of international concern and constitute evidence of the practice of States in the field of international law. The purpose of this series is to fill a gap in international documentation by gathering together materials which are at present widely scattered and often difficult of access. The preparation of such a collection has been advocated by many official and unofficial bodies, and was recommended by the International Law Commission in its report of 29 July 1950. The content of this volume concerns the regime of the high seas, one of the three topics selected by the International Law Commission for early codification.

The National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates, 2015 is the forty-sixth issue of this publication which comprises in the form of analytical tables a summary of the principal national accounting aggregates based on official national accounts data for more than 200 countries and areas, covering 1970-2015. It also contains a section on the estimation methods used for compiling data. It is prepared by the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations in cooperation with national statistical offices. Tables include analysis of data on gross domestic product (GDP) by different structural components. They are classified into: 1) analysis of the level of total and per capita GDP; 2) analysis of the percentage shares of GDP by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity; 3) analysis of economic development expressed in terms of real growth of GDP and its components by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity, and 4) analysis of price development reflected by implicit price deflators of GDP.