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Natural Capital Accounting for Integrated Climate Change Policies
更多 更少This publication shows how natural capital accounting, in particular the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), can contribute to informing climate change policies. In particular, this report is aimed at policymakers at various levels who are responsible for creating or implementing climate change policies, including mitigation, adaptation and disaster response policies. This report also features illustrative case studies to demonstrate how the SEEA can contribute to better climate change policy reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement.
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Natural Capital Accounting for Sustainable Macroeconomic Strategies
更多 更少This publication shows how natural capital accounting, in particular the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), can be used to answer a variety of policy questions on sustainable macroeconomic strategies. This report is aimed at macroeconomic policymakers at various levels, including international organizations and national governments, especially central banks and finance ministries. The report provides several successful examples that are aimed to inspired policymakers in applying the SEEA to inform strategies that ensure sustainable and green long-term growth.
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Natural Resource Nexuses in the ECE Region
更多 更少This publication reviews the situation, trends, challenges and main interactions for the five natural resources of the Nexus – water, energy, food, land and materials – from the perspective of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Region. Increasing demand, changing climates and technologies, growing populations and social inequalities, urbanization, globalization and other megatrends are putting pressure on natural resources in the ECE region and elsewhere. There are many complex policy issues and difficult choices to be made, necessitating a comprehensive nexus approach that can address the interactions and trade-offs involved. This is recognized at the international level where, amongst other things, the integrative character of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for an assessment of the linkages and complementarities but also of the possible conflicts that exist between different Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets. The Natural Resource Nexus emphasizes the need to view water, energy, food, land, and materials as complex and inter-related entities rather than as separate ones. This approach ensures more integrated and sustainable perspectives of natural resource management and use, beyond the traditional sectoral silos, that can be applied at all scales. It further provides an opportunity to identify and prioritize cross-sectoral and integrative solutions. Statistics, transport and trade, three interlinkages which are very relevant to the Nexus, are also considered here.
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Nature for Development
更多 更少Nature underpins our lives, societies, and economies and is fundamental to achieving our 2030 Agenda. Addressing the nature crisis is essential to eradicating and preventing poverty, reducing inequalities, and protecting human rights. Moreover, nature is a positive source of solutions and hope: a nature-positive transition is central to tackling planetary crises such as climate change. This publication offers entry points to operationalize the opportunity to advance the SDGs through nature. It will help decision-makers and practitioners recognize programming options and make the case for investing in nature to achieve development outcomes. It comprises key facts, figures and talking points about nature through five different practice lenses - Nature for Food Security; Nature for Water Security; Nature for Climate Action; Nature for Gender Equality; Nature for Peace. This is a ‘living’ resource and call to action that will expand to cover more practices.
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Near-Earth Objects and Planetary Defence
更多 更少Forging global partnerships and building resilient societies through better coordination are among the key challenges of the twenty-first century. Given the global consequences of a near-Earth object (NEO) impact and the considerable resources required to prevent a collision, the United Nations, through its Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), has been involved in the international discourse and dialogue on the topic of NEOs, raising awareness and promoting global cooperation. Addressing such a hazard, including the identification of objects that pose a threat of impact to Earth, and planning a corresponding mitigation campaign, require cooperative action in the interest of public safety on the part of the global community. Acting as a gateway to space in the United Nations system, UNOOSA is uniquely positioned in intergovernmental cooperation and coordination on outer space activities, and in the broader perspective of space security, including the area of planetary defence. The Office supports and cooperates with two entities established in 2014: the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG). These two entities came into being through a series of recommendations for an international response to the threat of near-Earth object impact, endorsed by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and ultimately recommended by the General Assembly. The aim of these recommendations is to address the global challenge posed by NEOs, beginning with their detection and tracking and, subsequently, deflection and planetary defence.
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Nepal Rapid eTrade Readiness Assessment
更多 更少The Nepal Rapid e-Trade Readiness Assessment is the fourth such assessment conducted by UNCTAD. The e-commerce industry in Nepal is at a nascent stage and represents an underexplored market. The fast-increasing Internet penetration, especially in the Kathmandu Valley, has opened opportunities for several e-trade niches. Domestic and foreign players are trying to address the needs of the e-commerce ready population, creating healthy competition, in particular among financial service and payment service providers. This marked increase in demand for e-commerce in Nepal is attributed to a growing segment of the population that is young, educated and technology-dependent. Sectors benefiting from this e-commerce development includes retail, mobile operators and payment sectors. Despite these promising trends, e-commerce is currently not achieving its full development potential in Nepal. E-commerce could become a key contributor to economic growth and foreign trade in years to come, thanks to better ICT infrastructure and innovation. The steady rise of Internet use in Nepal has improved accessibility of e-commerce for the population. As of April 2017, Internet penetration was at 58 per cent, from 8 per cent in 2010. Most consumers in Nepal access the Internet through 2G or 3G mobile data services.
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Neutral Policies, Uneven Impact
更多 更少Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are trade policy measures designed to achieve public policy objectives such as protecting public health, consumer safety, and the environment. While NTMs often bear high trade costs such as having high information, implementation, and compliance cost, they are usually necessary for achieving economic, social, and other policy goals to ensure product safety and quality for consumers. Based on the review of a list of literature, case studies, and anecdotes, this study has looked at the gendered impacts of NTMs on women as traders/entrepreneurs, workers, and consumers, respectively, and aims to propose ways in which NTMs related project design, implementation and monitoring can be approached with a gendered lens.
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New Threats to Human Security in the Anthropocene
更多 更少New data and analysis in the report, New Threats to Human Security in the Anthropocene, shows that people’s sense of safety and security is at a low in almost every country, including the richest countries, despite years of upwards development success. Those benefiting from some of the highest levels of good health, wealth, and education outcomes are reporting even greater anxiety than 10 years ago. To tackle this disconnect between development and perceived security, the report calls for greater solidarity across borders and a new approach to development; one that allows people to live free from want, fear, anxiety and indignity. The imperative to act now has never been more clear, as new findings also show that global life expectancy at birth is falling for a second year because of COVID-19, and overall human development measures are also moving downward. Furthermore, climate change is likely to become a leading cause of death around the world. Even with moderate mitigation of emissions, some 40 million people might die because of changes in temperatures before the end of the century. The report examines a cluster of threats that have shifted to become more prominent in recent years including those from digital technologies, inequalities, conflicts, and the ability of healthcare systems to tackle new challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing these threats will require policy makers to consider protection, empowerment, and solidarity alongside one another so that human security, planetary considerations and human development all work together and not despite each other. This means that solutions for one problem shouldn’t exacerbate other problems. The report also notes the strong association between declining levels of trust and feelings of insecurity. People with higher levels of perceived human insecurity are three times less likely to find others trustworthy.
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Nigeria Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2025
更多 更少Fifteen years on, the crisis in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe (BAY states) in north-east Nigeria continues unabated. It is characterized by conflict, insecurity and widespread population displacement, driven in large part by the Boko Haram insurgency. It has destroyed critical infrastructure, disrupted agricultural livelihoods – the mainstay of the region – and hindered access to assistance and basic services in some areas, generating an acute protection crisis. Nigeria continues to face extensive humanitarian challenges, with an estimated 33 million people projected to experience food insecurity during the 2025 lean season. Additionally, 1.8 million children Climate change, combined with rapid population growth-Nigeria’s population is projected to reach 400 million by 2050 according to the World Bank - will pose a significant risk, with greater population density in flood prone areas. The impact of climate, ailing infrastructure and poor urban planning have made Nigeria one of Africa's most flood-prone countries. The 2025 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan for Nigeria (HNRP) is a much shorter document than in previous years. It presents a more succinct narrative and analysis leading up to the outlined response, without compromising the process that generated the evidence including the prioritization and targeting that underpins the Plan.
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Niños y niñas desplazados por el cambio climático prepararse para un futuro que ya está aquí
更多 更少Los desplazamientos, ya sean de corta duración o prolongados, pueden multiplicar los riesgos relacionados con el clima que corren los niños, las niñas y sus familias. Tras una catástrofe, los niños y niñas pueden quedar separados de sus padres o cuidadores, lo que aumenta el peligro de que sean víctimas de la explotación, la trata y el abuso. Los desplazamientos pueden interrumpir el acceso a la educación y la atención sanitaria, exponiendo a los niños y niñas a la desnutrición, las enfermedades y la falta de una vacunación adecuada. Para obtener más información sobre el creciente número de niños y niñas desplazados por fenómenos meteorológicos cada vez más intensos y frecuentes, e identificar a quienes corren mayor riesgo, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) y el Observatorio de Desplazamiento Interno (IDMC), en colaboración con la Fundación Patrick J. McGovern, analizaron los desplazamientos infantiles vinculados a desastres meteorológicos ocurridos entre 2016 y 2021 y –basándose en el modelo de riesgo del IDMC–estimaron el riesgo de desplazamiento infantil en el futuro. El informe analiza los peligros meteorológicos más comunes que provocan el mayor número de desplazamientos: inundaciones, tormentas, sequías e incendios forestales. En conjunto, estos peligros representan más del 99% de todos los desplazamientos relacionados con el clima registrados por el IDMC desde 2016, mientras que peligros como el calor extremo, la erosión y los deslizamientos de tierra, constituyen el resto3. Debido a la falta de datos disponibles, el análisis no evalúa toda la gama de fenómenos meteorológicos que pueden contribuir a los desplazamientos, especialmente en lo que atañe a los procesos climáticos de evolución más lenta. Por lo tanto, estos resultados representan estimaciones conservadoras, y es probable que el número real de desplazamientos infantiles relacionados con el clima sea mucho mayor.
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No Escape II: The Way Forward - Bringing Climate Solutions to the Frontlines of Conflict and Displacement
更多 更少This report warns that climate shocks are undermining chances of recovery, increasing humanitarian needs, and amplifying the risks of repeated displacement. By mid-2025, 117 million people had been displaced by war, violence and persecution. Three in four of them are living in countries facing high-to-extreme exposure to climate-related hazards. Over the past 10 years, weather-related disasters have caused some 250 million internal displacements – equivalent to around 70,000 displacements per day. Whether it is floods sweeping South Sudan and Brazil, record-breaking heat in Kenya and Pakistan, or water shortages in Chad and Ethiopia, extreme weather is pushing already fragile communities to the brink. Environmental degradation is deepening the challenges communities are facing. New data in the report reveals that three-quarters of Africa’s land is deteriorating, and more than half of the continent’s settlements for refugees and internally displaced people are located in areas under severe ecological stress. This is shrinking access to food, water and income. In parts of the Sahel, communities report that climate-linked livelihood losses are driving recruitment into armed groups, showing how environmental stress can fuel cycles of conflict and displacement.
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Non-tariff Measures and Deep Regulatory Integration in the African Continental Free Trade Area
更多 更少The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement was signed by the majority of African Union Member States in March 2018, ratified by the required number of countries by May 2019, and came into force in January 2021. If all members ratify it, the agreement will bring together 1.2 billion people with a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of more than US$ 3 trillion. Regional integration is contributing to economic prosperity and sustainable development. Achieving the aim of “Creating One African Market” will critically depend on addressing non-tariff measures (NTMs) – not only tariffs. The global economic restrictiveness of NTMs is several times higher than that of current tariffs. This report analyses the most recent non-tariff measures (NTMs) data, collected over the last 4 years and covering two-thirds of the continent. Based on this data, we estimate Africa-specific ad-valorem equivalents of NTMs and assess the cost-reducing potential of regulatory convergence. The potential impacts of adhering to international and regional standards will also be estimated.
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Non-Tariff Measures from A to Z
更多 更少Understanding the uses and implications of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is essential for the formulation of effective development strategies to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Increasing transparency and understanding of NTMs helps traders identify the requirements they face and builds the capacity of policymakers, trade negotiators, and researchers to strike the delicate balance between reduction of trade costs and preservation of public objectives. This publication provides an overview of the global transparency effort, including the International Classification of NTMs, data collection and data dissemination, as well as approaches to achieving good regulations, including recent research results and analysis tools, social implications such as gender and environmental effects, a toolkit to assess cost-effectiveness and NTMs, and the NTMs online academy.
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Normas voluntarias de sostenibilidad en el comercio internacional
更多 更少Este informe ofrece una introducción a las NVS como instrumentos para mejorar la sostenibilidad del comercio internacional. En el capítulo I se describen las NVS, su creación y su evolución. Se muestra que han crecido significativamente como herramienta de gobernanza transnacional en lo que respecta al número de NVS, el número de sectores y productos básicos en los que se aplican y la proporción de producción certificada de algunos productos básicos respecto de la producción mundial total de esos productos. En el capítulo II se profundiza en la contribución de las NVS a la consecución de los objetivos de sostenibilidad. Se describen detalladamente el funcionamiento de las NVS y los distintos agentes que intervienen en el proceso de certificación. También se destaca la gran diversidad de NVS que existe. En el capítulo III se revisan las publicaciones y las evidencias acerca de la eficacia de las NVS. La eficacia se aborda desde dos dimensiones diferentes: la primera se centra en la adopción o aplicación de las NVS y la segunda se ocupa del impacto de las NVS sobre el terreno según diferentes indicadores de sostenibilidad, prestando especial atención a sus efectos sociales y ambientales. En el capítulo IV se describe el uso de las NVS en el marco de otros instrumentos de política comercial. Se detalla la integración de las NVS en las políticas públicas como instrumentos complementarios para alcanzar los objetivos de esas políticas.
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Norme relative au cadre juridique des concessions et des partenariats public-privé axés sur la réalisation des objectifs de développement durable et son guide d’accompagnement
更多 更少La norme CEE-ONU sur les partenariats public-privé/cadre juridique pour les concessions à l'appui des ODD et le guide qui l'accompagne définissent le cadre juridique des partenariats public-privé pour la réalisation des objectifs de développement durable (PPP pour les ODD) et les contrats qui leur donnent effet. dans les États membres, y compris les règles et procédures régissant leur sélection, leur préparation, leur évaluation, leur passation de marché et leur mise en œuvre, les principes contractuels et les dispositions institutionnelles qui leur sont applicables, et contribuer à la mise en œuvre ordonnée et coordonnée des PPP.
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Notre Programme Commun - Rapport du Secrétaire général
更多 更少Au moment de célébrer le soixante-quinzième anniversaire de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, le monde a dû faire face à la plus grande épreuve collective qu'il ait eu à surmonter depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale: la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19). Alors même que notre bien-être et la pérennité de la vie humaine ne peuvent être assurés que si nous sommes capables de collaborer, la coopération internationale se dérobe chaque jour davantage. Le présent rapport a été établi à la requête des États Membres, qui ont démandé que leur soient présentées des recommandations visant à faire avancer notre programme commun et à relever les défis actuels et futurs. Dans les propositions qui y sont formulées, on préconise avant tout de bâtir un nouveau contrat social adapté aux enjeux du siècle, de faire une place aux jeunes et aux générations futures et de nouer un nouveau pacte mondial qui permette de mieux protéger les communs mondiaux et de fournir des biens publics mondiaux. Appelant à une plus grande solidarité – dans chaque pays, entre générations et au sein du système multilatéral –, notre programme commun ouvre la voie à un avenir meilleur, plus vert et plus sûr.
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Nuestra Agenda Común - Informe del Secretario General
更多 更少En el 75º aniversario de las Naciones Unidas, el mundo se topó con la mayor prueba de fuego que le ha tocado afrontar en conjunto desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial: la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). No obstante, aunque nuestro bienestar y, de hecho, la continuidad de la vida humana dependen de que trabajemos codo a codo, la cooperación internacional nunca ha sido tan difícil de lograr. Este informe atiende a la solicitud formulada por los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas de que se presentaran recomendaciones para promover nuestra agenda común y responder a los desafíos actuales y futuros. Las propuestas que se hacen en él se basan en la renovación del contrato social, adaptado a los desafíos de este siglo, considerado con las generaciones más jóvenes y futuras, y complementado por un nuevo pacto global con el que proteger mejor los bienes comunes globales y suministrar bienes públicos globales. Partiendo de la premisa de que debe acrecentarse la solidaridad —a nivel nacional, entre generaciones y en el sistema multilateral—, Nuestra Agenda Común traza un camino hacia adelante en pos de un futuro más verde, más seguro y mejor.
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United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1978
更多 更少The Demographic Yearbook is a comprehensive collection of international demographic statistics, prepared by the Statistical Office of the United Nations. The Demographic Yearbook 1978, which features a historical supplement as the special subject, is the thirtieth in a series published by the United Nations.
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United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1994
更多 更少Demographers, economists, public health workers and sociologists have found this Yearbook a definitive source of demographic and population statistics. About 250 countries, or regions are represented. The first group of tables comprise a world summary of basic demographic statistics. This summary is followed by statistics on the size, distribution and trends in population, fertility, foetal mortality, infant and maternal mortality and general mortality.
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United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1995
更多 更少Demographers, economists, public health workers and sociologists have found this Yearbook a definitive source of demographic and population statistics. About 250 countries, or regions are represented. The first group of tables comprise a world summary of basic demographic statistics. This summary is followed by statistics on the size, distribution and trends in population, fertility, foetal mortality, infant and maternal mortality and general mortality.
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