Reports indicate that, in the past years, thousands of persons below the age of eighteen (hereinafter “children”) have been recruited and exploited by terrorist and violent extremist groups. These children are subject to violence at multiple levels, and, at the same time, they may become particularly dangerous instruments in the hands of those exploiting them and/or instrumentalising them for committing criminal or terrorism-related offences. The guidance provided in this Roadmap is based on multiple relevant legal regimes, namely, international human rights law, international law regarding counter-terrorism, international criminal law, international humanitarian law and international refugee law.

The UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted in 1979, is the first international legally binding instrument to address problems of air pollution on a broad regional basis. Initially focused on problems of acidification and eutrophication, it now addresses a wider array of pollutants including ground-level ozone, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and, most recently, particulate matter. This Handbook contains the most recent versions of the Convention's eight protocols as these have been amended and/or adjusted to maintain their relevance to the work of the Convention and to accommodate new Parties.

The 137Cs method uses traces of nuclear activity to measure soil loss, and constitutes a relatively swift and cost-effective means of collecting data on soil erosion as compared to more conventional methods. This guide covers the main principles, sampling strategy, gamma spectroscopic measurements, estimation of erosion rates with conversion models, data interpretation and validation of erosion models. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture of the IAEA has been working on this method for over 20 years.