Chile
Migración internacional, envejecimiento poblacional y segunda transición demográfica, ¿hacia dónde va Chile?
El presente trabajo se propone analizar los cambios sociodemográficos acontecidos en Chile durante el último medio siglo, abordando de manera exploratoria las dinámicas entre migración internacional, envejecimiento poblacional y la potencial configuración de una segunda transición demográfica. En particular, se pretende indagar sobre el grado en que se han desarrollado dichas modificaciones y si, por ende, podrían interpretarse como procesos análogos a los experimentados por los países desarrollados, en el marco de un sistema global de reproducción demográfica. Para tal fin, se comienza por analizar las tendencias seguidas por la mortalidad y fecundidad y su convergencia en el proceso de envejecimiento poblacional, utilizando como referencia los niveles presentados por América Latina en su conjunto y por los países desarrollados, ilustrados en el caso de España. Posteriormente, se revisará la dinámica reciente de la migración laboral en Chile, para finalizar con un análisis prospectivo de los potenciales desequilibrios que podría generar el cambio demográfico sobre el mercado del trabajo.
Innovación, investigación y desarrollo, y productividad en Chile
Se estudia la relación entre la inversión en investigación y desarrollo (i+d) y la productividad en el sector manufacturero chileno usando datos de la Encuesta de Innovación Tecnológica del último decenio. El análisis se basa en un modelo multiecuación en que se consideran todo el proceso de innovación y los determinantes de las decisions empresariales de invertir en i+d, así como los resultados en innovación y sus efectos en la productividad. Se constata que: i) es más probable que las grandes firmas inviertan en i+d; ii) la intensidad del gasto en i+d incrementa la probabilidad de innovar en procesos; iii) asimismo, ella no afecta a la probabilidad de innovar en productos; iv) la menor “apropiabilidad” disminuye la probabilidad de innovar en procesos; v) es más probable que la innovación en productos se introduzca desde las empresas de mayor tamaño, y vi) la productividad aumenta con la innovación en procesos.
Las causas externas de muerte y su efecto sobre la esperanza de vida en las ciudades latinoamericanas: El ejemplo de Chile y el Ecuador, 2000-2010
Chile: Interacción Estado-sociedad civil en las políticas de infancia
En este trabajo se observa el vínculo público-privado existente en Chile para abordar políticas de infancia. Se analizan el papel de ambas esferas y las dimensiones y componentes necesarios para que este encuentro anteponga el interés superior del niño. Se considera el juicio de expertos mediante el análisis de contenido, permitiendo identificar las dimensiones y componentes relevantes de la interacción. Posteriormente, la metodología ahp (proceso analítico jerárquico) permite priorizarlos cuantitativamente procurando que este encuentro incida positivamente en la niñez. Se evidencia que esta interacción se desarrolla verticalmente, donde el Estado define las políticas y la sociedad civil las implementa, debido principalmente a que en la esfera pública se administran los recursos que, en alto porcentaje, sostienen a la esfera privada. Se concluye que existe el desafío de generar diálogos horizontales, en que la interacción no sea condicionada por recursos económicos, sino por el propósito compartido respecto de la infancia.
Repercusiones monetarias y reales de la apertura financiera al exterior. El caso chileno; 1975-1978
Este artículo se propone describir y analizar algunos aspectos no suficientemente investigados de la política macroeconóinica chilena a corto plazo, con especial énfasis en los de carácter financiero aplicados a partir de fines de 1973, y, más específicamente, desde el primer trimestre de 1975, cuando se inició el denominado Programa de Recuperación Económica.
Reformando las reformas previsionales: En la Argentina y Chile
En este trabajo se describen las recientes reformas previsionales en la Argentina y Chile. Con ellas se pretendió en los años ochenta y noventa mejorar la sostenibilidad fiscal de largo plazo y el diseño institucional de los sistemas, trasladando parte de los riesgos sociales y económicos desde el Estado a los participantes. En años recientes, las autoridades de ambos países coincidieron en identificar a la insuficiente cobertura entre los adultos mayores y al bajo nivel de los beneficios como los principales problemas de los sistemas previsionales vigentes. Debido a divergencias institucionales y políticas, las respuestas fueron dispares. En Chile, un proceso prolongado y participativo redundó en una amplia reforma concentrada en efectos a mediano plazo mediante ajustes cuidadosamente calibrados. En la Argentina, en cambio, las reformas involucraron un gran número de correcciones sucesivas, con poco debate público sobre sus implicancias y efectos en la cobertura y las necesidades fiscales.
The Monetary and real effects of the financial opening up of national economies to the exterior. The case of Chile, 1975-1978
The object of this article is to describe and analyse certain aspects of Chilean short-term macroeconomic policy which have not been sufficiently investigated, placing special emphasis on the financial measures applied from the end of 1973, and more specifically from the first quarter of 1975, when the so-called Economic Recovery Programme began.
Adolescent reproduction: The case of Chile and its policy implications
Adolescent fertility and maternity are a source of concern in the Latin American and Caribbean region, because they imply situations of adversity, have not gone down as in other age groups, and are more frequent among poor teenagers. Analysis of the micro-data from the last three censuses in Chile also shows: i) a generalized tendency for adolescent maternity to be out of wedlock; ii) the protective effect of staying in school, which comes into play after passing an educational threshold which is rising with time; iii) the leading role played by the parents of the households where most adolescent mothers live, and iv) the need for specific programmes and integral actions to reduce adolescent maternity, since although access to information and sexual health and reproduction services avoids pregnancies, it is not enough when there is a lack of alternatives to maternity or there are cultural and psychological obstacles to the proper use of contraceptive methods.
Mirrors of change: Industrialists in Chile and Uruguay
This study examines institutional changes in Chile and Uruguay between the mid-1960s and late 1990s. It seeks to tie together the macro and micro levels in order to observe how institutions working with local and global issues interact or conflict from the perspective of two industrialists’ associations, the Manufacturers Association (SFF) in Chile and the Chamber of Industry of Uruguay (CIU). From this vantage point, the study analyses how the organizations’ ‘logic of appropriateness’ has altered since the 1960s, with the expectation of identifying changes in the way sources of legitimacy interact at the global, regional and national levels. To make the process of change more visible, the study concentrates on two years, 1966 and 1998. It also tries to identify new dimensions of comparison between the development processes of Chile and Uruguay.
Changes in Chile’s production structure, 1986-1996: Output and industrial interdependence
In earlier studies, the author showed that the type of development adopted by Chile differed significantly from that of the successful East Asian countries. Up to 1986, the Chilean economy had a relatively weak and technologically unsophisticated manufacturing base, and the penetration of imported inputs was mainly at the expense of the scanty domestic productive intermediation. Therefore, neither manufacturing industrialization nor industrial interdependence appeared to facilitate the type of manufactured exports that might sustain dynamic industrial development based on external markets. The present paper analyses changes in Chile’s production structure from 1986 to 1996, generally extended to 2000, using methods similar to those of earlier studies. The conclusion is that, despite the outstanding growth rates over the period, the economy still appears relatively weak as a basis for a sustainable increase in economic and technological sophistication.
Developing competitive advantages: Successful export SMEs in Argentina, Chile and Colombia
Consolidating democracy and development in Chile
The transition to democracy in Chile has been achieved in an unusually rapid and successful manner. Its consolidation is only just beginning, however, and is faced with serious challenges which will call for extensive and complex efforts in the years to come.
Shaping competitiveness in the Chilean wood-processing industry
The neoliberal view is that outward orientation and general liberalization should result in efficient factor allocation and thus in the formation of competitive economic structures. Its policy recommendations are therefore generally in the “get prices right” mould.
The ongoing history of a Chilean metal products and machinery firm
Processes of adjustm ent and restructuring of the production sectors to a new system of macroeconom ic incentives are slow, costly and more inefficient than conventional microeconomic theory would lead one to suppose. In this article, the authors explore the process of the restructuring of production of a Chilean metal products and machinery company and the way it gradually modified its operations from the 1970s onw ards, adapting them to new macroeconomic and mesoeconomic signals. As is well known, in the last two decades the system of incentives and the regulatory framework for production activities in Chile have undergone profound changes, gradually moving -with advances but also setbacks-tow ards an organizational model more open to external competition, more deregulated, and with less public sector participation in the field of production proper.
Trade and growth in Chile
This study analyses the relations between the noteworthy performance of Chilean exports over the last two decades and the high economic growth rate of the country since the mid-1980s. It concludes that the Chilean experience may be described as a case of “export-led growth” rather than one of “growth-led exports”. What were the causes of Chile’s export success? Trade liberalization acted as an important stimulus, but this success was also due to other policies, both horizontal and sectoral: the exchange-rate policy followed since 1982, the introduction of drawback arrangements and export subsidies for exports of relatively minor importance in the mid-1980s, the use of a debt conversion programme to stimulate new production activities for the export of specific goods after the debt crisis, the active participation of the State in providing market information, and the substantial subsidies provided for the forestry sector. The next stage in the development of Chilean exports will be more difficult, however, and will call for more complex policies than the previous stage. Among the issues that must be addressed by such policies are the solution of market flaws in key activities (training and education, technical and marketing know-how, and the provision of long-term resources for investments in new activities not previously undertaken).
Chile: Effects of the adjustment policies on the agriculture and forestry sector
In this article the author analyses the situation of Chile’s agriculture and economy in tw o periods. In the first, from the end of 1973 to June 1981, the economy grew at a high rate, in flation fell, wages rose, fiscal surpluses were achieved and reserves builtup. In contrast, unemployment grew sharply, investment and saving fell, income distribution deteriorated, and the private sector’s debt reached very high levels. The balance-of-payments deficit, the worsening of the terms of trade, the higher interest rates and the very large foreign debt acted as detonators of a crisis which stamped its mark on the second period. This period, from 1981 on, is characterized by the introduction of various adjustment measures designed to correct the imbalances w ithout altering the essential nature of the adopted model.
Chilean youth and social exclusion
Young people in Chile have seen a sharp increase in their participation and their chances of involvement in the social roles shaped during the postwar period of expansion. The rapid urbanization, the great expansion of education systems, the extension of the political rights of citizenship, and the growing absorption of skilled and unskilled manpower by the modern production and services sectors were some of the factors which mobilized young people and turned them into some of the most committed agents of development and modernization; since development and modernization were also the axes of consensus among almost all the social and political protagonists, youth became, almost inadvertently, one of the central agents in the system. One of the most graphic instances of this was the remarkable political and cultural influence exercised by the student movements towards the end of the 1960s.
The social and economic effects of introducing reverse mortgages in Chile
This study simulates the social and economic effects of introducing reverse mortgages in Chile. It uses the 2009 Social Protection Survey and recent simulation methodologies to analyse the monetary gain associated with taking out such a loan, which is paid in periodic instalments over the homeowners lifetime. Eligible individuals are retired homeowners, who account for 70% of the older population. Monies received increase exponentially depending on the age at which the reverse mortgage is taken out. Lastly, the increase in liquidity has significant social potential, as it could reduce the poverty rate in the target group by 15%.
Capital flows: Lessons from the Chilean experience
This article examines the capital regulation system used in the Chilean economy in recent years. It begins by describing the factors determining international capital movements in recent times and the role of the financial system in the intermediation of such flows. It then considers the Chilean policy on the regulation of capital flows, which seeks to solve the problem of how to reconcile the reduction of inflation with the maintenance of a real exchange rate compatible with export competitiveness. The policy instruments used include intervention by the Central Bank, which is reflected in a strong increase in the international reserves, together with open-market money sterilization operations.