Ecuador
La fecundidad de las poblaciones mestiza e indígena del Ecuador: Cambios y urgencias de interculturalidad
Siendo el Ecuador un Estado intercultural y plurinacional, este estudio busca reconocer la situación histórica de la fecundidad de las poblaciones mestiza e indígena y sus diferencias por zonas geográficas, con especial referencia a los pueblos indígenas. Se utilizan los métodos de historias de nacimientos, reconstruidas a partir del censo de 2010, y P/F de Brass para estimar los niveles y tendencias históricas de la fecundidad en el período 1996-2010. La población mestiza habría iniciado la transición de la fecundidad con alguna precedencia respecto de los pueblos indígenas, que se encontrarían en proceso transicional. Se utilizó un modelo específico de transición y se encontraron importantes diferencias entre los pueblos indígenas de la sierra, que habrían comenzado más tempranamente que los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía, lo que se refleja en mayores tasas de fecundidad de estos últimos en el período más reciente. Esto motiva una reflexión sobre la multicausalidad cultural asociada a los cambios de la fecundidad de los pueblos indígenas.
Las causas externas de muerte y su efecto sobre la esperanza de vida en las ciudades latinoamericanas: El ejemplo de Chile y el Ecuador, 2000-2010
Ecuador: Crisis and adjustment policies. Their effect on agriculture
In the 1970s the production and export of oil caused enormous economic and social changes in Ecuador. The gross dometic product grew at rates of between 14 and 25%, and the re were considerable in creases in the formation of capital, indemand — especially in the publicsector— and in im ports. The first signs of a balance-of-payments problem appeared in 1975 and they reappeared with force in 1977, reaching two years later levels of external debt whose service took 65% of export earnings.
Letter from the Constitutional President of the Republic of Ecuador, H.E. Dr. Osvaldo Hurtado: To messrs. Enrique V. Iglesias, executive secretary, ECLA, and carlos alzamora, permanent secretary, SELA
Now, as 1983 begins, there are few remaining doubts about the gravity of the international economic situation. Not since the Great Depression of the 1930s has the world known such a serious and prolonged crisis. Almost no society has managed to escape its pernicious effects, for the problems suffered by the countries of the developed North and the developing South, those of the socialist East and the West are all similar. The fact that this crisis affects all societies, whatever their ideological orientation, political system or economic model, is the best demonstration that we are in the presence of a universal phenomenon involving all nations.
Extraordinary comparative advantage and long-run growth: The case of Ecuador
The objective of this article is to describe how the transformation of the trade and industrialization regime is taking place in Ecuador and what are the systemic factors which condition the realization of this transformation. A long-run perspective of economic policy and growth in Ecuador (considering the whole of the twentieth century) reveals that growth has been relatively fast compared to other countries in the region, with exports as the driving force of that growth. The disturbing fact is that these exports have been dominated by a few booming export products at different points in time, and that growth has therefore shown a distinct stop-go nature. Corporate behaviour would seem to be characterized by rent-seeking, as natural economic rents have been present at several moments in history.
Ecuador: The country’s progress from chronic to moderate inflation
A new stabilization programme has been in effect in Ecuador since September 1992. This article examines the nature of this economic policy, briefly compares it with other stabilization efforts made in the country in the 1980s, and evaluates its achievements so far. By the end of 1993 it had been possible to bring inflation down to 32% per year, after five years in which the rate had averaged more than 55%. It has thus been possible to progress from a situation of chronic inflation to one of moderate price rises, but this has been accompanied by a decline in economic activity, in spite of the drop in real interest rates and the use of the exchange rate as a nominal anchor.
Trade agreements by Colombia, Ecuador and Peru with the United States: Effects on trade, production and welfare
The Computable General Equilibrium model, based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, is used to evaluate the impact of separate bilateral free trade agreements by Colombia, Ecuador and Peru with the United States of America (USA). As the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) is to expire shortly, a number of different scenarios have been analyzed: full liberalization, liberalization excluding sensitive products and non-conclusion of agreements. Signature of the agreements would lead to a widespread increase in trade among the negotiating countries to the detriment of their Andean partners. While the effects on welfare would benefit only the United States and Peru, from the capital accumulation standpoint they are clearly positive for all countries. Research shows that, while these agreements would not be enough on their own to trigger a process of sustained development, an active economic and social policy could usefully tap their potential
Ecuador: Definición y medición multidimensional de la pobreza, 2006-2010
En este artículo se presentan nuevas perspectivas para la comprensión, la medición y el análisis de la pobreza multidimensional en el Ecuador y se genera evidencia empírica para el período 2006-2010. La pobreza multidimensional se define mediante un enfoque de derechos, en base a lo que establece la Constitución de 2008, pero el anlisis se limita a la información disponible en la Encuesta de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU). En los resultados se observa que dicha pobreza se redujo entre 2006 y 2010, pero el nivel de desigualdad se mantuvo sin cambios, con un mayor nivel de pobreza entre los habitantes de zonas rurales, las mujeres y las poblaciones indígenas y afroecuatorianas. Ampliar los mecanismos de protección social, la garantía de trabajo digno y la ampliación de la cobertura y calidad de servicios básicos son esenciales para abolir la pobreza en el Ecuador, pero esto exige voluntad política y compromiso social.
Ecuador: Retorno migratorio y emprendimiento en Loja
Se estudian los factores relacionados con la decisión de realizar emprendimientos en Loja, Ecuador, a partir de una encuesta a retornados. Las posibles explicaciones se agrupan en: características demográficas, trayectoria en el extranjero, motivos del retorno, situación actual, “reemigración” y actividad antes, durante y después de la migración. Se consideran, además, diferentes conceptos de emprendedor, ya sea como trabajador por cuenta propia y como empleador. Los resultados se analizan utilizando, primero, pruebas univariantes y, posteriormente, estimando modelos probit. Las variables que más aumentan la probabilidad de emprender tras el retorno son la experiencia emprendedora durante la migración y el regreso por motivos voluntarios, así como haber trabajado en el lugar de destino en actividades de agricultura y hostelería. Inciden negativamente la formación universitaria y el trabajo en la administración pública antes de migrar. Otras variables influyentes son la edad o el salario recibido en el extranjero, pero presentan más matices.
¿Quién obtiene préstamos para acumular activos? Clase, género y endeudamiento en el mercado crediticio del Ecuador
En el presente artículo se examinan los planteos de que la desigual distribución de la riqueza explica la segmentación del mercado crediticio y que el sistema financiero puede reproducir la desigualdad económica. En particular, examinamos de qué modo las fuentes del crédito y la finalidad de los préstamos pueden contribuir a perpetuar la desigualdad. En el Ecuador, las personas pobres en activos tienen más probabilidades que las personas ricas en activos de obtener préstamos en el sector informal y de utilizar estos préstamos para pagar sus gastos en vez de invertirlos en activos. También es más probable que la relación entre la deuda y la riqueza neta de las primeras sea más elevada. Investigamos asimismo las correlaciones en la obtención de préstamos por hombres y mujeres para adquirir activos, y mostramos que tener una cuenta de ahorros formal es el principal factor asociado con tener deudas destinadas a activos en ambos sexos.
Determinantes del empleo no agrícola y de los ingresos no agrícolas en el Ecuador
En el presente trabajo se estima la pobreza multidimensional en Nicaragua entre 2001 y 2009 con los datos de las últimas tres encuestas disponibles de medición del nivel de vida (2001, 2005 y 2009) y siguiendo, principalmente, la metodología propuesta por Alkire y Foster (2007 y 2011). Para ello, se utilizan diez dimensiones y tres sistemas de ponderaciones: el sistema de ponderaciones iguales y dos sistemas de ponderaciones desde los propios datos, uno a partir de las puntuaciones del primer componente principal y otro a partir de las frecuencias relativas de las privaciones dimensionales (ambos sistemas resultan novedosos para el caso de Nicaragua). En general, los resultados revelan que la incidencia, intensidad y severidad de la pobreza multidimensional en Nicaragua se redujeron entre 2001 y 2009, con un mayor descenso entre 2001 y 2005.
Ecuador: ¿por qué salir de la dolarización?
La dolarización es un régimen monetario que obstaculiza el crecimiento sostenido y la capacidad de enfrentar perturbaciones externas sucesivas. Bajo esa premisa, se exponen cinco razones por las que convendría que el Ecuador saliera de la dolarización. Trabajos como los de Naranjo y Naranjo (2011), Acosta (2004), Correa (2004a y 2004b), Naranjo (2004) y Jameson (2003) fueron aportes valiosos y singulares a esta discusión, pero la bonanza petrolera y el cambio del modo de desarrollo en la última década han contribuido a que el debate quede cada vez más desierto. En este artículo se hace referencia a la teoría de la regulación y a la crisis argentina de 2001. Se concluye que la dolarización se ha mantenido por la transformación del modo de regulación que ha encauzado un régimen de acumulación distinto, pero que es necesaria la recuperación de la moneda nacional para consolidar el nuevo modo de desarrollo.
Propuesta de un indicador de bienestar multidimensional de uso del tiempo y condiciones de vida aplicado a Colombia, el Ecuador, México y el Uruguay
Ecuador: Defining and measuring multidimensional poverty, 2006-2010
This paper provides new insights into the scope, measurement and analysis of multidimensional poverty in Ecuador and generates empirical evidence for the period 2006-2010. Multidimensional poverty is defined using a rights-based approach, on the basis of the provisions of the 2008 Constitution, but the analysis is limited to information gleaned from the Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU) The findings show that multidimensional poverty decreased between 2006 and 2010; however, the level of inequality remained unchanged, with higher levels of poverty for rural inhabitants and women and among indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian populations. Enhanced social protection and the promotion of better working conditions and public services are the priorities for abolishing poverty in Ecuador, but this requires political will and social commitment.
Ecuador: return from migration and entrepreneurship in Loja
Ecuador: Why exit dollarization?: Gonzalo J. Paredes
Dollarization is a monetary regime that is detrimental to sustained growth and the ability to cope with successive external shocks. Setting out from this premise, the present paper sets forth five reasons why Ecuador would be well advised to end dollarization. Studies such as those of Naranjo and Naranjo (2011), Acosta (2004), Correa (2004a and 2004b), Naranjo (2004) and Jameson (2003) made valuable and distinctive contributions to this discussion, but the oil boom and the change in the mode of development over the past decade have tended to leave the debate increasingly void. This article makes reference to regulation theory and the Argentine crisis of 2001. It concludes that dollarization has been maintained because of a transformation in the mode of regulation that opened the way to a different accumulation regime, but that the country needs to restore its own currency if it is to consolidate the new mode of development.
Personal income tax and income inequality in Ecuador between 2007 and 2011
This paper uses data from individual income tax returns to explore the redistributive effect of personal income tax in Ecuador between 2007 and 2011. Following common practice in tax incidence analysis, we first compute indices of income tax progressivity and redistributive impact. We then mobilize microsimulation techniques to simulate the redistributive effect of personal income tax under different taxable income scenarios. Finally, we calculate the effective tax rates paid by top income groups and derive a range of optimal income taxes for the top 1% income group. We obtain two main empirical results. First, although Ecuador’s personal income tax is highly progressive, its redistributive capacity is low: our findings show that high-income individuals are more likely to reduce their taxable income through legal tax deductions than low-income individuals. Second, while the effective tax rates paid by high-income individuals are relatively low, optimal tax rates could be as high as 63%.
Who borrows to accumulate assets? Class, gender and indebtedness in Ecuador’s credit market
This article examines the propositions that wealth inequality supports credit market segmentation and that the financial system may reproduce economic inequality. Specifically, we discuss how the sources of credit and the purposes of borrowing may help perpetuate inequality. In Ecuador, the asset-poor are more likely than the asset-rich to borrow from the informal sector for expense purposes and to have higher debt-to-net-wealth ratios. We also investigate the correlates of borrowing by men and women to acquire assets and show that the main factor associated with holding asset debt for both men and women is having a formal savings account.
Determinants of non-farm employment and non-farm earnings in Ecuador: Cristian Vasco and Grace Natalie Tamayo
This article analyses the determinants of both participation in non-farm employment and nonfarm earnings in Ecuador. Using the Dubin-McFadden two-step estimation method, the results show that women are more likely than men to engage in non-farm self-employment but earn significantly less than men employed in the non-farm sector. Non-farm wage employment is a common choice among more educated individuals in landless households, while farm wage employment seems to be the only source of employment for uneducated landless people. Participation in non-farm work is more likely in areas located near medium-sized cities with dynamic economies. Finally, there are regional differences in employment patterns which appear to be associated with both the availability and the quality of land. This information is relevant in relation both to rural population growth and to the continuous process of land fragmentation in rural Ecuador.