Egypt

Appeal brought by the Kingdom of Bahrain the Arab Republic of Egypt the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates on 4 July 2018 from the Decision of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization dated 29 June 2018.

This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between perceived corruption and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt during the period 1970–2019. Using a novel back-casting methodology it extrapolates perceived corruption time series between 1970 and 1980. The results of the Johansen cointegration technique and the multivariate vector error correction model show a positive relationship between perceived corruption and FDI supporting the “greasing the wheels” effect of corruption. This positive association can be explained by several factors such as the cross-interdependence of rent-generating assets with perceived corruption and FDI and the use of FDI data based on the balance of payments that has growing financial-flows and phantom-FDI components. The findings of this paper have important policy implications. Improving the fundamental governance structure in Egypt should be accompanied by a comprehensive investment facilitation strategy to compensate for the removal of “grease” from the “wheels”.

The world is facing an unprecedented energy challenge. Global energy demand is projected to rise by over 50 per cent by 2040 [1]. The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will require that much of this growth is supplied by low-carbon energy sources. Independent global institutions are agreed that it will be very difficult to achieve this without the significantly increased deployment of nuclear energy. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stresses the urgency on the need to use all available low-carbon technologies to avert climate change. Nuclear energy and renewable energy are the key elements of a low-carbon energy system along with carbon capture and storage (CCS) [2]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) have projected that nuclear capacity will need to double by 2050 [3]. In tandem with the anticipated growth in nuclear energy uranium requirements will also increase sharply in the future [4]. This will require looking at all available options for the supply of uranium – both conventional and unconventional resources.

LOAN AGREEMENT (GIZA NORTH POWER PROJECT) BETWEEN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT AND THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECON-STRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. CAIRO 4 NOVEMBER 2010 [United Nations Treaty Series vol. 2788 I-49044.]

Memorandum of Agreement NAT-I-3449 between the Federal Aviation Administration ‒ Department of Transportation ‒ United States of America and the Civil Aviation Authority ‒ Ministry of Civil Aviation ‒ Arab Republic of Egypt. Washington 12 September 1997 and Cairo 14 September 1997