Mali
A low-growth model: Informality as a structural constraint
After years of reforms and unending debate the question remains unanswered: why is Latin America not growing more? The present article approaches the subject from an unconventional perspective presenting the persistence of informality as a structural barrier to growth. As an analytical frame of reference it introduces a 2 x 2 model of growth in which the economy comprises just two sectors the formal and the informal. The model presents the links between the growth pattern of the formal sector and the dynamics of the informal sector and between these and the pattern of growth in the overall economy. Adverse specialization patterns and an unfavourable international trade profile are perpetuating informality. Thus export-led growth most resembles an enclave model which does not even guarantee high growth since the dynamic of the informal sector which accounts for about half the urban workforce adversely affects the performance of the whole economy.
Un modelo de bajo crecimiento: La informalidad como restricción estructural
Tras años de reformas y debates sin fin sigue sin respuesta la pregunta de por qué América Latina no crece más. El presente artículo aborda el tema desde una perspectiva no convencional. Se presenta la persistencia de la informalidad como una barrera estructural para el crecimiento. Como esquema analítico de referencia introduce un modelo de crecimiento 2 x 2 en que solo dos sectores el formal y el informal constituyen la economía. El modelo presenta los vínculos entre el patrón de crecimiento del sector formal y las dinámicas del sector informal y entre estas y el patrón de crecimiento de la economía agregada. Los patrones de especialización adversos y una inserción desfavorable en el comercio internacional alimentan la informalidad. De ahí que el crecimiento liderado por las exportaciones se asemeje más a un modelo de enclave que ni siquiera garantiza un crecimiento elevado ya que la dinámica propia del sector informal que concentra alrededor de la mitad de la fuerza de trabajo urbana afecta negativam ente el desempeño de toda la economía.
The young people of Mali: Key players against COVID-19
The world is shaken by an unprecedented health crisis. Its multiple ravages are echoing all over the world and the media seem to revel in it as information concerning the situation becomes vital. Needless to say Covid-19 made its appearance at the end of 2019 in Wuhan the capital of the province of Hubei in China and at the start of 2020 continued to spread in an overpowering and dominant way not only characterized by its speed but also in its capacity of adaptation across all continents of the world. China has been overwhelmed. In France there are no longer yellow vest protests. Italy no longer sings and the art world present in the country has closed its doors. It would seem that America in tears suddenly forgot its superpower. The virus rapidly spread also in Latin America with more than 11 thousand cases in 24 hours in Brazil. All of this to show the very serious impact that Covid-19 has provoked on daily life around the world. In fact on March 11 it qualified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) exceeding the number of 100 infected countries to all areas of the globe.
Violent extremist offenders rehabilitation and reintegration in prison: A focus on the challenges and way forward in Mali
In his remarks to the High-level Meeting on Mali and the Sahel held on the margins of the General Debate of the 74th session of the UN General Assembly the Secretary General António Guterres acknowledged the increasing threat posed by the rise of violence in the Sahel and its spreading towards the Gulf of Guinea. He also warned about terrorist groups exploiting local conflicts and acting as defenders of communities to enhance their popularity and local support. As a matter of fact countries in the Sahel region have been experiencing a significant increase in the level of violence resulting in severe consequences for the population. According to Mohamed Ibn Chambas UN Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS) the casualties caused by terrorist attacks in Burkina Faso Mali and Niger have increased five-fold since 2016. The fragile circumstances and the deteriorating security situation have also pushed many people to flee their homes with more than one million refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) sheltered in the central Sahel.
Transferts de fonds de la diaspora somalienne : une planche de salut
Somali diaspora’s remittances cast a life line
Évaluation rapide de l’état de préparation du Mali au commerce électronique
Malgré ses difficultés pour faire face aux défis qui ont mis à l’épreuve les capacités de l’État et de la population à sauvegarder l’unité nationale et la sécurité le Mali n’est pas resté à l’écart des transformations induites par les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). Son gouvernement a lancé des initiatives dans les domaines de l’administration électronique et des infrastructures des TIC afin de tirer profit des opportunités fournies par le développement de ces dernières notamment à travers l’adoption du référentiel Mali Numérique 2020 une stratégie nationale pour le développement de l’économie numérique. Une nouvelle dynamique régionale impulsée par les Ministres du Commerce de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) dans la Déclaration ministérielle en date du 29 septembre 2017 visant à définir un plan de travail régional pour le développement du commerce électronique permettra de soutenir les efforts du Mali dans ce domaine. Une première étape dans la préparation de ce plan a été initiée par la Commission de l’UEMOA en coopération avec la CNUCED avec l’organisation d’un atelier régional sur le commerce électronique organisé à Ouagadougou du 9 au 11 octobre 2018. L’impulsion d’institutions régionales telles que l’UEMOA et la Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) a encouragé les États membres à harmoniser les politiques d’intégration économique y compris le cadre réglementaire applicable au commerce électronique et de nouvelles réformes doivent être conduites face aux développements rapides de la digitalisation.
No. 31719. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Mali
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning certain commercial debts (The United Kingdom/Mali Debt Agreement No. 3. (1992)) (with annex). Dakar 3 September 1993 and Bamako 20 September 1993
No. 31908. Germany and Mali
Agreement concerning financial cooperation. Signed at Bamako on 16 February 1993
No. 33124. International Fund for Agricultural Development and Mali
Loan Agreement—Income Diversification Programme in South Mali Non-Cotton Area (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund dated 19 September 1986). Signed at Bamako Mali on 7 November 1995
No. 31782. Germany and Mali
Agreement concerning financial cooperation-Acquisition of aparticipation by the DEG. Signed at Bamako on 21 April 1992
No. 31781. Germany and Mali
Agreement concerning financial cooperation-Projects: Support to primary schools; Public Health and Population (and Rural Water Supply-cofinanced by the World Bank); and Job Creating Program. Signed at Bamako on 21 April 1992
No. 31827. International Development Association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement-Education Sector Adjustment Credit (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 12 January 1995
No. 31826. International Development Association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement Transport Sector Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 8 July 1994
No. 31780. Germany and Mali
Agreement concerning financial cooperation. Signed at Dakar on 13 September 1991
No. 33021. International Development Association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement-Agricultural Trading and Processing Promotion Pilot Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 9 August 1995
No. 33182. International Development Association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement—Selingne Power Rehabilitation Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 13 May 1996
Mali
Response to the United Nations national accounts questionnaire from the Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Informatique Ministere du Plan Bamako Mali. Official estimates are published by the Direction Nationale annually in "Comptes Economiques du Mali". On 1 June 1984 Mali joined the French Community in Africa of which the legal tender is CFA francs. Two Mali francs is equivalent to one CFA franc.
Mali
Mali
Response to the United Nations national accounts questionnaire from the Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Informatique Ministere du Plan Bamako Mali. Official estimates are published by the Direction Nationale annually in "Comptes Economiques du Mali".
No. 35312. International Development Association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement (Vocational Education and Training Consolidation Project) between the Republic of Mali and the International Development Association (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Washington 26 March 1996
No. 35173. International Development Association and Mali
Interim Fund Development Credit Agreement (Grassroots Initiatives to Fight Hunger and Poverty Project) between the Republic of Mali and the International Development Association (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Washington 9 April 1998
No. 26944. United States of America and Somalia
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning economic and technical cooperation. Mogadiscio 14 June 12 and 13 October 1981
No. 31383. International development association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement—National Agricultural Research Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 11 March 1994
No. 26347. International Fund for Agricultural Development and Mali
Loan Agreement—Development Programme in lakeside areas (with schedules and General Conditions applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund dated 19 September 1986). Signed at Rome on 12 June 1987
No. 26433. International Development Association and Mali
Development Credit Agreement—Public Enterprise Sector Adjustment Program (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Development Credit Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 7 September 1988