Myanmar
Women’s empowerment among married women aged 15 to 49 in Myanmar
The present study entails an investigation of the empowerment of married women aged 15 to 49 in Myanmar from socioeconomic and demographic perspectives based on data from the Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16. The dimensions of women’s empowerment are categorized into two parts: women’s control over their earnings, and women’s participation in household decision-making (decisions on major household purchases, visits to family or relatives, their health care; and the well-being of their children). These two dimensions are combined to create an index of women’s empowerment. A binary logistic regression is used, by means of odds ratios to assess the relationship between women’s level of empowerment and their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Overall, the findings of the study show that a higher empowerment level is associated with women’s employment, increased age, urban residence, a higher educational attainment, a higher wealth quintile, and a lower level of husband’s education. In addition, women that have one child or up to four children are more likely to have a higher level of empowerment than women with no children. About three fourths of the women in the sample live in rural areas. Among those women, the ones with a higher level of empowerment are more educated, employed and have higher household income. Generating employment opportunities for women and educating women are important factors that can lead to an increase in women’s income, and accordingly, help raise the levels of women’s empowerment.
Recent levels and trends of fertility and mortality in Myanmar
In Myanmar, the vital registration system was first introduced into some parts of Lower Myanmar in the late nineteenth century and gradually expanded to other parts of the country. It was introduced into the towns of Upper Myamnar in 1906 and the villages of Upper Myanmar in 1907 (Kyin, 1959, p. 6). By 1931, about 82.5 per cent of the population was covered by the registration system (United Nations, 1959, p. 47). In those days, vital statistics were collected by municipal health offices in urban areas and by village headmen in the rural areas. The reports were published by the Department of Public Health (Sundrum, 1957, p. 7).
Population projections for Myanmar, 1983-2013
Myanmar is experiencing relatively high fertility and declining mortality rates. In 1973, the population size was nearly 29 million. It increased to 35 million in 1983 with an annual intercensal growth rate of 2.02 per cent (Union of Burma, 1986a; Part 1, p. 14). Since 1948, when it became independent, Myanmar has struggled for economic development and an improved quality of life. But there have been many obstacles and socioeconomic development remains the main challenge to be met. Successive attempts have been made by means of various short- and long-term plans.
A strategy for advancing reproductive health in Myanmar
The implementation of a strategic approach to the introduction of contraceptive services has had a significant impact on the development of the reproductive health programme in Myanmar. At the time of the initial Stage I activity, entitled “An assessment of the contraceptive method mix in Myamnar” (Ministry of Health (MOH) and WHO, 1997), public sector contraceptive service provision was very limited in geographic coverage, and there was no framework for the integration of contraceptive services with other areas of reproductive health. That assessment provided vital information for informing the development of many components of the reproductive health programme in a context where such a programme was in its infancy. Subsequent follow-up activities comprising behavioural and operations research have provided useful tools for improving the quality of care and for moving towards a more comprehensive reproductive health programme.
Myanmar: Rebuilding communities through trade
The implementation of small and medium-sized enterprise development in the rice sector of Myanmar: Empirical research findings
Off the beaten track in Myanmar
One of the biggest sustainability challenges faced by a development project is how to facilitate the transfer of knowledge to stakeholders in the field so that initiatives can be continued and replicated post-project. Another challenge, particularly in post-conflict situations, is how to nurture trust.
Expanding tourism in Myanmar’s Kayah State and Tanintharyi region
Earlier this year, the International Trade Centre (ITC) announced that it would be extending and expanding its support to Myanmar’s tourism sector as part of the fourth phase of the Dutchfunded Netherlands Trust Fund (NTF IV) programme. The four-year programme will be implemented in partnership with Myanmar’s Ministry of Commerce (MoC) and the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism (MoHT).
Patterns and determinants of age at first birth of women in Myanmar
Fertility rates vary significantly across different socioeconomic and demographic factors, customs, cultures and practices of people living in different parts of the world. The age at first birth, one of the most significant events in a womans life, is directly and indirectly related to total fertility. The present paper is focused on the patterns, and socioeconomic and demographic determinants of age at the first birth of Myanmar women. For this study, data from the Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 20152016 were used. A total of 7,613 ever-married women between 15 and 49 years who had given birth participated in the survey. The pattern of women at first birth was estimated using as descriptive technique and the determinants of age at first birth were identified using the Cox Proportional Hazards model. The average age at first birth of Myanmar women was 22.4 years in 2015-2016. The results of this study indicate that womens education level and their age when they first engaged in sex, birth cohort, wealth index, residence, husbands education and occupation whether they reside in a female-headed household were found to be significant factors associated with age at first birth. The age of women at first birth tended to be longer for women living in urban areas and women married to men with high degrees of education. Based on the results of this study, rural areas need to be developed and improving educational attainment is required to delay the age at first birth of women in Myanmar.
Role of environmental factors in the maternal health problems among slums: Evidence from hlaing thar yar township of Myanmar
This paper reviews the environmental factors related to the maternal health prolems in slum areas of Hliang Thar Yar township, Myanmar using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test and a binary logistic regression model. The results indicate that antenatal care visits and women’s age affect the abortion rate, and drinking water, cooking fuel and antenatal care visits have an effect on low birth weight, while distance from dump sites, toilet facilities, cooking fuel and occupation affect urintary tract infection rates among women. For better health outcomes, steps should be taken to reduce poverty, improve conditions in slum areas, disseminate health-related information.
Business and Development in Myanmar
A Policy Handbook for Private Sector Development
Ensuring the Safety of Imported Food
Current Approaches for Imported Food Control in Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines and Sri Lanka
Food products have been the third most valuable commodity group traded internationally, and imports constitute a significant proportion of the food supplies of developing countries in particular. FAO Members have expressed the need for technical support and guidance to achieve effective national imported food control systems. In 2017, FAO collaborated with the Governments of Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines and Sri Lanka under the project entitled “Strengthening national capacity for risk-based food import control within a One Health framework” to support the countries in improving their existing systems of national imported food controls. National situation reports of the countries were developed to identify and document their systems’ current status with their strengths and any improvements needed. Findings of the national situation reports have indicated that there are common approaches and tools that can be used to address the needs in all four countries, despite the differences in their levels of development, human capacities and institutional structures. The present document has compiled all four national situation reports and summarized some approaches and tools that would be applicable to most developing countries in the world, including the: 1) use of risk categorization to prioritize commodity and hazard combinations to create a concise and easy reference for border control officials so that high-risk and high-interest food items will receive more attention than other food items; 2) nationwide dissemination and use of standard operating procedures for risk-based inspections for imported foods to maintain consistency and transparency; and 3) systematic written communication mechanism among food safety competent authorities and relevant border control officials on importer profiles, the abovementioned risk categorization results, and required documents to achieve effective risk-based management for imported foods.
What the ASEAN Economic Community Will Mean for Businesses
A Look at the Case of Myanmar
Vulnerability Profile: Myanmar
Prepared in the context of the process of Myanmar’s graduation from LDC status, this publication document contains insights into the particular vulnerabilities or fragilities of the country and the implications of these disadvantages. The profile helps national authorities understand the critical relationship between the need for resilience-building action, and LDC status as a basis for eligibility for special support to this action. It is organized around four pillars: (i) a situation analysis; (ii) identification of key areas of vulnerability; (iii) evaluation of the consequences of identified vulnerabilities; and (iv) identification of structures and features of the economy that are critical for a sustainable graduation and for reducing existing vulnerabilities. Topics covered include the socio-economic impact of COVID-19, pervasive informality, inequalities and gender issues.
A Gender Assessment of Myanmar and of the Inle Lake Area with a Focus on the Agriculture and Tourism Sectors
This report presents an analysis of the agriculture and tourism sectors in the Inle Lake area of Shan State in Myanmar from a gender perspective. It investigates how to improve women’s wellbeing through their participation in three selected agricultural value chains (tea, avocado and ginger) and in the tourism sector. The report provides policy recommendations for building linkages between the three agricultural value chains and the tourism sector to promote gender equality and women’s economic empowerment. The study is carried out within the framework of the Swiss Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) – United Nations Cluster on Trade and Productive Capacity, Myanmar Project entitled “Enhancing horticulture supply and sustainable tourism to develop business linkages.”
Towards a New Trade Policy on Market Access for Myanmar
Identifying a Positive Agenda among Challenges and Opportunities
This research identifies a new trade policy and positive trade agenda for Myanmar, analyzing its position in the international trade arena and challenges and opportunities arising from EU FTAs with ASEAN members, RCEP and CPTPP. Myanmar is relatively a newcomer in the international trade scene after the lifting of sanctions in 2013. Yet, together with Cambodia, it is one of the few LDCs that has been able to dramatically increase exports exploiting the trading opportunities arising from trade preferences, especially those provided by the European Union under the Everything but Arms scheme (EBA).
Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders 2020: Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar)
Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020
Myanmar Rapid eTrade Readiness Assessment
The Myanmar Rapid eTrade Readiness Assessment is the fifth such assessment conducted by UNCTAD and the second for an ASEAN LDC after Cambodia (December 2016). Myanmar is currently best described as a country in the midst of a triple transition – from a military government to democratic governance, from a centrally directed economy to a market-oriented economy, and from 60 years of conflict towards peace in the region. Myanmar has been focusing on the many new opportunities opened by its reintegration in the global trade system and the introduction of the ASEAN Economic Community. At the same time, Myanmar is also undergoing a connectivity transition. All of this presents enormous economic opportunities as well as significant challenges. After liberalizing its telecommunications market in 2014, the country jumped straight to smartphones and data. The mobile penetration rate is closed to 100 per cent with smartphone penetration above 80 per cent. There is an unprecedented opportunity for Myanmar to do digital, as well as financial, leapfrogging: to use technology to accelerate change and development, and to use e-commerce to move from a cash-only to a cashless society.
Myanmar Opium Survey 2024
Cultivation, Production, and Implications
Three years after the military takeover in Myanmar, poppy cultivation has stabilized at recent high levels, suggesting that the internal conflict remains a critical factor in illicit cultivation in Myanmar. The 2024 survey points to a slowing down of cultivation, with a slight decrease of 4% to 45,200 ha from 47,100 ha in 2023. Although area under cultivation has not returned to peaks reached in 2013 at nearly 58,000 ha, poppy cultivation remains robust. Historically, illicit poppy cultivation in Myanmar, and Southeast Asia in general, was typically of small, poorly organized, and sparse plots. Field and ethnographic research point to longstanding traditions of small-scale poppy cultivation, sometimes as a cash or insurance crop, but also for household use. However, in recent years, cultivation in Myanmar shifted toward more sophisticated practices that increased yields. National yield estimates from 2022’s survey indicated an average of 19.8kg of opium per hectare of poppy, which was a substantial increase from 14kg per hectare in 2021. In 2023, the national yield estimate rose again to 22.9kg per hectare—the highest ever recorded by UNODC. By 2024, yields declined slightly by 4% to 22kg/hectare.
Myanmar
Response to the United Nations national accounts questionnaire from the Planning Department, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Naypyitaw. The official estimates and descriptions are published annually in "National Income of Myanmar" and "Review of the Financial Economic and Social Conditions", by the same Department.
Myanmar
Reply to the United Nations national accounts questionnaire from the Planning Department, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Naypyitaw. The official estimates and descriptions are published annually in "National Income of Myanmar" and "Review of the Financial Economic and Social Conditions", by the same Department.
Myanmar
No. 35139. Republic of Korea and Myanmar
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the extension of loans from the Economic Development Cooperation Fund. Yangon, 24 October 1997
No. 35123. Republic of Korea and Myanmar
Exchange of notes between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the extension of loans from the Economic Development Cooperation Fund. Yangon, 6 May 1997
No. 33908. Hong Kong (under an entrustment of authority from the United Kingdom Government) and Myanmar
Agreement concerning air services (with annex). Signed at Hong Kong on 4 March 1997
No. 35139. Republic of Korea and Myanmar
Agreement between the government of the republic of korea and the government of the union of myanmar on the extension of loans from the economic development cooperation fund. Yangon, 24 October 1997
No. 35742. Singapore and Myanmar
Agreement on maritime transport between the government of the republic of singapore and the government of the union of myanmar. Singapore, 4 October 1997
No. 50772. International Development Association and Myanmar
Financing Agreement (Reengagement and Reform Support Credit) between the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the International Development Association (with schedules, appendix and International Development Association General Conditions for Credits and Grants, dated 31 July 2010). Washington, 22 January 2013
No. 49704. Republic of Korea and Myanmar
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Union of Myanmar for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income. Yangon, 22 February 2002
Executive Summary
Conclusion
Facilitating business activity
Acknowledgements
Preface
Effective trade policies
Attracting foreign direct investment
Introduction
Introduction: History and progress of teh ASEAN economic community
No. 35742. Singapore and Myanmar
Agreement on maritime transport between the Government of the Republic of Singapore and the Government of the Union of Myanmar. Singapore, 4 October 1997
Executive summary
No. 31677. Republic of Korea and Myanmar
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning the Economic Development Cooperation Fund loan to the Union of Myanmar. Yangon, 13 December 1994
No. 32097. International Atomic Energy Agency and Myanmar
Agreement for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (with protocol). Signed at Vienna on 20 April 1995
No. 32099. Myanmar, India and Thailand
Agreement on the determination of the trijunction point between the three countries in the Andaman Sea (with chart). Signed at New Delhi on 27 October 1993
Trafficking of methamphetamines from Myanmar and China to the region
Trafficking of opiates from Myanmar and Afghanistan into East Asia and the Pacific
Conclusion
Preface
The key AEC policies, defined and explained
How the AEC policies will affect your business
Myanmar
Reply to the United Nations national accounts questionnaire from the Planning Department, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Naypyitaw. The official estimates and descriptions are published annually in "National Income of Myanmar" and "Review of the Financial Economic and Social Conditions", by the same Department.