Peru
Peru
In 1988 the Peruvian economy performed very unfavourably despite the fact that the terms of trade improved substantially for the second consecutive year. The gross domestic product fell by 9% —the second largest decline in several decades— and in December the annualized rate of inflation exceeded the unprecedented figure of 1 700%. All of this took place in a context of growing political violence and uncertainty respecting institutional continuity.
Peru
The preparation of annual national accounts statistics in Peru is carried out by National Directorate of National Accounts of the National Statistics and information institute of Peru (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas e Informática del Peru) located in the city of Lima.
Inclusión financiera de las microempresas y las pequeñas y medianas empresas en el Perú: El caso de la banca de desarrollo
Las microempresas y las pequeñas y medianas empresas (mipymes) constituyen el conjunto más importante de empresas en el Perú según su número y el empleo que generan (9 de cada 10 empresas son mipymes y absorben alrededor de 7 de cada 10 trabajadores). Sin embargo presentan serios problemas económicos financieros e institucionales que las hacen operar bajo condiciones difíciles.
Building on success: What next in Peru's FDI strategy
Peru's success in attracting FDI this decade has rested overwhelmingly on two factors namely a sound investment framework and an astute privatization programme. The latter has combined the sale of prime assets with a commitment from the purchaser to invest significant amounts on rehabilitation and new development. These two factors provide a solid basis for building on success.
Introduction
Peru's investment climate improved dramatically in the 1990s. The hyperinflation high government deficits and economic turmoil of the 1980s are long gone. Durability and stability are the cornerstones of the new policy orientation.
Conclusions and recommendations
The Government of Peru offers investors a sound economic and business environment and a state-of the-art investment framework. These are essential foundations that must be maintained if Peru is to continue to be an attractive destination for FDI.
Preface
The UNCTAD Investment Policy Reviews are intended to familiarize Governments and the international private sector with an individual country's investment environment and policies. The reviews are considered at the UNCTAD Commission on InvestmentTechnology and Related Financial Issues.
Investment opportunities in Peru
Peru has competitive advantages in mining and tourism. In order to sustain the competitiveness of these industries it will be helpful to consider each as forming the hub of an industry system. The system approach recognizes an industry as forming part of a set of interdependent businesses of suppliers and customers. Where the linkages between them are strong these businesses form a cluster which when operating effectively over time can be a source of sustaining competitive advantage for reducing costs and developing new products.
Peru
In 1981 the Government maintained the essential lines of the general policy applied since the middle of 1980 when it assumed power. This policy consisted of establishing a market economy within the framework of a democracy thus marking a highly significant change with respect to what had occurred under the previous Government.
Peru
According to the official forecast made at the beginning of the year national production would increase by around 5% in 1982. This forecast was based both on the growth experienced in the preceding three years (which although moderate was sustained) and on the considerable dynamism of the mining sector (because of rising prices) and construction (because public expenditure would remain high).
Peru
Among the unfavourable circumstances confronting the Peruvian Government at the close of 1953 and early in 1954 were the following: foreign exchange difficulties resulting in a sharp depreciation of the rates for the sol; losses of international reserves; a comparatively heavy deficit in public finances; the fall in world market prices for certain strategic materials which represent major items in Peru’s export trade; and the threat of an inflation which had previously been contained within reasonable bounds. The information available at the end of 1954 while suggesting that the equilibrium has been restored and could probably be maintained in the immediate future also indicated a lower over-all level of activity which is reflected in the figures for national income and investment.
Peru
In the middle of 1980 a civil government assumed power in Peru after 12 years of military rule. Within its general programme aimed at reviving economic activity and reorienting the development strategy the new government adopted as concrete objectives the slowing down of inflation the control of the main financial imbalances and the liberalization of imports with a view to stimulating the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic production. At the same time renewed importance was given to the private sector as a fundamental agent of development and to the market as the basic though not the only mechanism for the assignment of resources and the formation of prices.
Peru
In 1966 the Peruvian economy continued the steady expansion begun in the early sixties and accelerated in the last three-year period. As a result per capita income has increased 3.7 per cent annually over the past six years.
Basic terms of reference
The Evaluation Office (EO) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) conducts country evaluations called Assessments of Development Results (ADRs) to capture and demonstrate evaluative evidence of UNDP’s contributions to development results at the country level. ADRs are carried out within the overall provisions contained in the UNDP Evaluation Policy.
Introduction
Assessments of Development Results (ADRs) provide an independent appreciation of the contribution of UNDP to the development of the countries where it operates. The purpose of the ADR is to report on and learn lessons from the UNDP strategy and operations in the country based on the evidence collected and for the programming of its future activities.
National development context
Peru which has an area of 1285216 sq km is located in the west of South America and borders the Pacific Ocean. To the north lies Ecuador; to the north-east Colombia; to the east Brazil; to the south-east Bolivia; and to the south Chile. On its territory are ecosystems recognized world-wide for their great diversity such as the cold sea of the Peruvian Current the dry forests on the north coast the high forests and the tropical Amazonian forests where the diversity of species is the greatest. Peru has 69 million hectares of forests and is the second country in Latin America and the fourth world-wide for tropical forests. The foggy forests on the Eastern Andean slopes are of enormous importance for world-wide biodiversity and the stability of the Amazonian river basin. The Peruvian sea is one of the most important fishing grounds on the planet. The country also has great mining wealth including copper silver gold petroleum natural gas and coal and a great potential for the generation of hydroelectric energy.
Strategic positioning of UNDP
This section will evaluate UNDP contribution to Peru’s development strategy in terms of the relevance of the support offered the responsiveness to the country priorities and the value added by its participation in meeting the challenge of development.
Executive summary
Assessments of Development Results (ADRs) provide an independent evaluation of the contribution UNDP has made to the development of the countries in which it operates.
UNDP in Peru
Revision of the programme at the beginning of the decade. In the 1990s UNDP had supported the management of the Peruvian Government with technical assistance in a wide range of areas. These comprised the reorganization and modernization of the State including its ambitious privatization programme; the development of the border zone with Ecuador to support the bilateral Peace Agreement; the work of the office of the Defensoría del pueblo; the return of persons displaced by the subversive violence; environmental-protection measures and after the disaster caused by El Niño support to respond to emergencies and to reinforce the civil-defence system. The latter area has resulted in plans to establish “sustainable cities” that take account of the potential natural risks. The Management Assistance Fund administered with UNDP aid and under its norms facilitated the hiring of a substantial number of State consultancies to cope with the somewhat underdeveloped legal situation of the public services in the 1990s.
Conclusions and recommendations
The objective of this ADR is to analyse how UNDP has positioned itself in Peru to add value to the country’s development efforts and to identify progress towards development.
Foreword
The Evaluation Office of the UNDP conducts independent country-level evaluations called Assessment of Development Results (ADR) which assess the relevance and strategic positioning of UNDP’s support and its contributions to a country’s development. The purpose of an ADR is to contribute to organizational accountability and learning and to strengthen the programming and effectiveness of UNDP. This report presents the findings and recommendations of the ADR that was conducted in Peru covering the period of two country cooperation frameworks from 2001 to 2005 and from 2006 to 2010.