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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Investment Policy Reviews
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Investment Policy Review - El Salvador
El Salvador made a firm strategic choice to develop as an open market economy decades ago and it has long adopted an open attitude towards FDI. A large number of reforms have been implemented in the past decades that reflect this choice: regional economic integration has been fostered and crucial free trade agreements have been concluded the US dollar was adopted as legal tender competition rules have been enforced and key segments of the economy have been privatized. This strategy has allowed El Salvador to gain macro-economic stability and attract beneficial FDI inflows. Much progress remains to be achieved however to eradicate poverty and reduce income inequality. In addition El Salvador needs to improve the general level of competitiveness of its domestic firms in order to reap the full benefits of openness to global trade and investment flows. The Review offers concrete recommendations to allow El Salvador to generate higher levels of beneficial FDI.
Investment Policy Review - Republic of Belarus
After independence in 1991 Belarus chose to maintain a centrally-planned economy with limited forays into privatization. The foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction performance of Belarus was negatively affected. However since 2007 the authorities have embarked upon a vast reform programme to ease the constraints on private sector development reduce the role of the State in the economy and attract FDI. The investment policy review (IPR) carried out at the request of the Government finds that the reforms are heading in the right direction to deliver a more transparent predictable and competitive business environment — indispensable for attracting high-quality investors. As requested by the Belarusian authorities the IPR also outlines the key elements of a strategy to support small and medium enterprise (SME) development through FDI.
Investment Policy Review - Rwanda
Rwanda is among the world's poorest nations and it faces particular challenges in leveraging FDI for development. The present Investment Review notes that Rwanda has nevertheless achieved remarkable political and social progress since 1994. It has become one of Africa's countries with the highest degree of personal safety and lowest incidence of corruption. It has also started to rebuild its economy and the Government is fully committed to building a peaceful stable and prosperous nation through sustainable private sector led development.
Investment Policy Review - Zambia
To date the performance of the Zambian private sector had been poor due largely to the high cost of capital and domestic inputs for local production which make sustaining competitiveness in an open economy practically difficult. The present Investment Review notes that since the introduction of major economic policy reforms In the early 1990s private investment including FDI had been playing a greater role in Zambia's economy. FDI had also contributed to the long-term policy objective of Zambia which is to diversify its production and export base from mining to other products and services.
Investment Policy Review - Colombia
The present review looks at ways to strengthen the Colombia's investment promotion arm Pro-export. It also proposes policies to attract more technology-driven firms to its growing knowledge-based economy. While praising the government for its market reforms it notes that investors are nevertheless concerned with a number of contradictory fiscal measures and the difficulty of resorting to international arbitration in case of disputes. The review urges the government to extend its network of bilateral investment treaties and double taxation agreements to fully tap market opportunities offered by the bilateral trade agreement with the United States and to begin negotiations with the European Union.
Investment Policy Review - Kenya
Kenya was a magnet for foreign direct investment in East Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. The Review highlights however that the country has underperformed significantly in terms of FDI attraction in the past couple of decades. The reasons include poor or inconsistent economic policies deteriorating infrastructure and poor growth performance. Rising corruption and insecurity also discouraged FDI throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Review warns the government on the possible drawbacks of the recently adopted Investment Promotion Act which introduces minimum capital requirements for FDI entry. Subsequently the Government has proposed amendments to Parliament to lift these requirements.
Investment Policy Review - Sri Lanka
The Investment Policy Review on Sri Lanka provides an overview of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Island including the most recent trends and developments. The publication examines the legal investment framework currently in place and identifies new areas of high FDI potential. The Review is intended to improve Sri Lanka’s investment policies and to inform the international private sector of its investment environment.
Investment Policy Review - Lesotho
This Review on Lesotho provides an overview of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the country including the most recent trends and developments. It examines the legal investment framework currently in place and identifies new areas of high FDI potential. The Review is intended to improve Lesotho's investment policies and to familiarize the international private sector with country's investment environment.
Investment Policy Review - Nepal
This report examines ways in which Nepal can improve its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) performance. It covers issues such as the country's FDI trends and performance the investment framework currently in place and possible strategies to attract greater FDI.
Investment Policy Review - Ghana
Ghana is making a comeback in terms of attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) after the economy had suffered a temporary setback in 1998. This publication reviews the investment climate in the West African nation. It is divided into four parts. The first part evaluates FDI trends in recent years. The second examines the investment framework of the country. The third part outlines Ghana's FDI potential and the strategic directions that are needed to tap it. The final part highlights the main conclusions and recommendations for an agenda that should be shaped through dialogue between all stakeholders and implemented by the government in close partnership with the private sector.
Investment Policy Review - Botswana
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been the driving force in moving the economy of Botswana from that of a least developed country status to one of a middle-income country. The country aims to continue this rapid growth while at the same time diversifying its economy. This paper reveals how the government plans to develop national business development through citizen empowerment while at the same continuing to seize opportunities to attract FDI. The following topics are covered in this report: Botswana's track record in attracting FDI the investment framework for FDI in Botswana the impact of FDI on Botswana's national development objectives and proposed recommendations and conclusions with regard to FDI policy in that country.
Investment Policy Review - Tanzania
Investment Policy Reviews are intended to help countries improve their investment policies and to familiarize Governments and the international private sector with an individual country's investment environment. This publication was initiated at the request of the Government of Tanzania and it is hoped that the analysis and recommendations made will contribute to an improvement of policies promote awareness of investment opportunities and serve as a catalyst for increased investment in to the United Republic of Tanzania.
Investment Policy Review - Ethiopia
With the signing of the peace agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea in December 2000 effectively ending the two-year conflict between the neighboring countries there is a renewed hope that Ethiopia will regain the economic growth momentum that it experienced in the post 1992 liberalization period. Key ingredients for renewed growth are increased investment both domestic and foreign in supply capacity including physical infrastructure the generation of relevant skills and the development of competitive enterprises through local technological and innovative capability building.
Investment Policy Review - Ecuador
The Investment Policy Review is intended to help countries improve their investment policies and to familiarize Governments and the international private sector with each countries' investment environment. It is hoped that the analysis and recommendations in this review will contribute to an improvement of policies promote awareness of investment opportunities and serve as a catalyst for increased investment in Ecuador.
Investment Policy Review - Mauritius
The Investment Policy Review of Mauritius gives insight into the country's investment environment and policies. The publication discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) trends and the steadily increasing flow of FDI into Mauritius. It also reviews the investment policy framework which has improved the business climate; analyzes the attractiveness of Mauritius as a location for FDI and the role that FDI plays in the local economy. It is hoped that the analysis and recommendations presented in this review will contribute to an improvement of policies and promote investment in Mauritius.
Investment Policy Review - Peru
Peru's investment climate has dramatically improved in the 1990s. The main objective of the government since 1990 has been to create an economic and political environment that allows privately owned businesses to emerge and develop. Attention must now turn to policies for the next decade that will enhance Peru's potential for FDI. This report examines the strategic directions that would enable the country to continue to attract investment. It emphasizes the need for strategies to deepen the impact of existing FDI and to encourage new investment. This review aims at promoting awareness of the investment environment and contributes to an improvement in policies in Peru.
Investment Policy Review - Uganda
Over the past decade the Government of Uganda has reversed earlier policy and management failures that were destructive to the economy and the investment climate. With economic fundamentals restored investor and donor confidence have grown. The need for Uganda to continue the momentum of recovery towards sustainable development is the central message of this publication. Investment Policy Review discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) trends and the improved economic and investment climate which have placed Uganda as one of the front runners for inward FDI. Reviews the policy and operational framework for FDI and considers opportunities for FDI in utilities infrastructure and financial services. It also provides an eight-point action plan on investment promotion and highlights priority actions to attract FDI.
Investment Policy Review - Egypt
The Investment Policy Review of Egypt gives insight into the country's investment environment and policies. The publication discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) trends and the steadily increasing flow of FDI into Egypt. It also reviews the investment policy framework which has improved the business climate; analyzes the attractiveness of Egypt as a location for FDI and the role that FDI plays in the Egyptian economy. It also illustrates the potential for upgrading FDI in selected industries such as pharmaceuticals textiles tourism electronics and software.
Investment Policy Review - Uzbekistan
Since its independence in 1991 Uzbekistan has made careful progress in the transition from a centrally-planned to a market economy. Recognizing that foreign direct investment (FDI) can contribute to Uzbekistan's growth and development and also ease the country's transition to a market-based economy and integration in the world economy the country has welcomed foreign investors. Investors have shown particular interest in Uzbekistan's manufacturing sector. The combined benefits of FDI would allow the country's industrial sector to gain international competitiveness increase employment opportunities of higher remuneration and through forward and backward linkages develop Uzbekistan's small and medium enterprise (SME) sector.