1945

Drugs Crime and Terrorism

Opioides

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

El término “opioide” es un vocablo genérico que se utiliza para referirse a los opiáceos y sus análogos sintéticos, que pueden ser semisintéticos o completamente sintéticos, y cuyos mecanismos de acción son similares a los de la morfina. Por esta razón se suelen utilizar como analgésicos en el tratamiento del dolor agudo y crónico y como anestésicos durante la cirugía. Los opioides sintéticos tienen una estructura variada, pueden llegar a ser extremadamente potentes y entre ellos se encuentran diversas sustancias, incluidos algunos derivados del fentanilo, la metadona, la buprenorfina y la AH-7921.

Cannabis

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Por “cannabis” se entiende las sumidades, floridas o con fruto, de la planta de cannabis (a excepción de las semillas y las hojas no unidas a las sumidades) de las cuales no se ha extraído la resina, independientemente del nombre con que se las designe [2].

Agonistas de los receptores cannabinoides sintéticos

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Los agonistas de los receptores cannabinoides sintéticos son sustancias cuyas características estructurales les permiten unirse a uno de los receptores cannabinoides conocidos. Muchas de las sustancias que se encuentran en este grupo tan diverso desde el punto de vista de la estructura se crearon en un primer momento con fines de investigación farmacológica, como fármacos que pudieran imitar los efectos del cannabis. Sin embargo, actualmente no está autorizado el uso con fines médicos de ninguna de ellas.

Clasificación de las sustancias

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Las listas de los tratados de fiscalización internacional de drogas se crearon con el fin de clasificar unas medidas de fiscalización aplicables a nivel internacional que garantizaran la disponibilidad de determinadas sustancias con fines médicos y científicos, evitando al mismo tiempo que se desviaran a canales ilícitos.

Prefacio

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

En la publicación Terminología e información sobre drogas de la UNODC se introducen conceptos y materiales básicos sobre las sustancias sometidas a fiscalización internacional que más se fabrican o procesan, o cuyo uso indebido está más generalizado, además de definiciones de los términos científicos que se emplean en este contexto. La presente edición de esta publicación se elabora en respuesta a los cambios acontecidos en los últimos años tanto en los mercados de drogas como en lo que respecta a las decisiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes relativas a la clasificación de sustancias.

Opio y opiáceos

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Por “opio” se entiende el jugo coagulado de la adormidera, entendiéndose por “adormidera” la planta de la especie Papaver somniferum L. [2]. Papaver somniferum L. es una planta que crece en muchos países del mundo de clima moderado. El color de sus flores va del blanco al rojo y sus cápsulas pueden ser redondeadas o alargadas, con semillas cuyo color puede variar del blanco al violeta oscuro.

Alucinógenos

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Los alucinógenos son un grupo diverso de drogas naturales y sintéticas que provocan una distorsión del estado de conciencia, la percepción, el pensamiento y las sensaciones, acompañada de distintos grados de alucinaciones auditivas o visuales. También se los denomina “psicodélicos”, y sus efectos son fundamentalmente la sinestesia [20] y la percepción distorsionada de la realidad.

Glosario de términos

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

La mayoría de las definiciones se basan en las que figuran en el Glosario de términos de alcohol y drogas (Ginebra, 1994) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se ha procedido a adaptar los términos allí donde ha sido necesario, y las referencias cruzadas se han señalado con letra cursiva.

Depresores del sistema nervioso central

Sep 2019
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Los depresores del sistema nervioso central se utilizan fundamentalmente como medicamentos para suprimir, inhibir o disminuir la actividad cerebral. Los principales tipos de depresores del sistema nervioso central son los sedantes, los hipnóticos, los opioides y los neurolépticos [18]. Algunos depresores del sistema nervioso central son las benzodiazepinas, los barbitúricos, la metacualona y el ácido gamma-hidroxibutírico (GHB).

Extremely wanted: human trafficking statistics — what to do with the hodgepodge of numbers?

Dec 2015
Chapter
Ieke de Vries and Corinne Dettmeijer-Vermeulen
The total scale of human trafficking is still unknown. The existing estimates are frequently based on false or unfounded assumptions, insufficient and unreliable data and inadequate use of methodologies. Yet statistics on the scale of the problem are often used in political debates on, for instance, what policy on prostitution would be the most effective for combating sexual exploitation. Consequently, improper comparisons are made of the total scale of human trafficking in various countries. The authors of this article suggest a new perspective on the use of statistics on human trafficking in smaller settings. On the basis of research by the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children in the Netherlands, the authors discuss three ways in which statistics are of the utmost importance in the fight against human trafficking: in informing policy (evidence-based policy), in exposing bottlenecks on the basis of which suggestions can be made to introduce more efficient policies and as a starting point for further research providing answers to questions such as why certain aspects still seem to be underexposed in the fight against human trafficking.

Proposed utilization of the network scale-up method to estimate the prevalence of trafficked persons

Dec 2015
Chapter
Janie F. Shelton
Trafficking in persons is one of the gravest of crimes, but the scope and extent of the crime as measured by the number of victims have scarcely been quantified. Generating data on the population of trafficked persons presents a unique challenge because it tends to be a very hidden population—much more hidden than other hidden populations, such as the homeless population or the drug-injecting population. Epidemiological methods to detect hidden populations have advanced in recent years, with a variety of research papers describing the use of the network scale-up method to detect key affected and other subpopulations. The approach relies on conducting a survey of the general population, in which questions are asked about the number of individuals of interest in the personal network of the respondent and a specific set of questions are devised to estimate the size of the respondent’s network. Advantages include the detection of multiple populations of trafficked persons in one survey, the minimization of harm to respondents for divulging first-hand knowledge, and improved statistical accuracy achieved by averaging over a large sample. Disadvantages include limited knowledge of the covariates of the population being surveyed.

Counting labour trafficking activities: an empirical attempt at standardized measurement

Dec 2015
Chapter
Sheldon X. Zhang and Li Cai
Research on human trafficking faces many challenges, one of which is the lack of consistent measurement. Although there have been efforts throughout the world to collect primary data, researchers have not come close to finding a common set of measures that can be applied consistently in counting trafficking activities or victimization experiences. The development of a common data-collection instrument, especially one that is appealing to researchers in different countries, is no easy task. The authors present one such example in this article, for all to comment on and improve. This instrument, created a few years ago in an empirical study on labour trafficking in the United States of America, is intended for use in large-scale surveys by persons engaged in research or gathering data for estimating prevalence. The instrument has received excellent empirical validation, including item response analysis, and has been adopted in a few other studies. While the instrument is still in need of improvement, the authors would like to publicize their efforts so that others may draw lessons from and build upon what has been accomplished. Although individual circumstances may vary, human trafficking shares sufficient commonalities to allow standardized measurement. A common instrument is a crucial step towards meaningful international or cross-regional comparison, which is sorely missing in the current policy discourse on human trafficking.

Estimating the size of hard-to-reach populations using capture-recapture methodology, with a discussion of the international labour organization’s global estimate of forced labour

Dec 2015
Chapter
Peter G.M. van der Heijden, Ieke de Vries, Dankmar Böhning and Maarten Cruyff
The authors present an overview of capture-recapture methodology and the multiplier method so that researchers interested in estimating the size and characteristics of a population in the area of trafficking in persons can have an idea of how to approach this problem and what the advantages and drawbacks of this methodology are. The methodology can be used for the production of local estimates as well as national or global estimates. Suggestions are made for improving the International Labour Organization’s global estimate of forced labour.

Stealing labour: an economic analysis of forced labour and human trafficking

Dec 2015
Chapter
Fabrizio Sarrica
The author approaches trafficking in persons and forced labour from the perspective of the labour market. The basic consideration is that traffickers and exploiters are robbing the communities of victims of trafficking in persons of their most valuable resource: labour. He compares the economic conditions of the labourer and the employer in an exploitative situation against conditions where the labourer is free to choose his or her working conditions. He calculates the economic losses and the benefits in each account of trafficking in persons, revealing who gains and who loses as a result of such crimes. According to the author, not only do forced labour and human trafficking have an economic impact on the victims and their communities, but also society as a whole suffers economic losses when coerced labour is used.

Calculations versus counting of human trafficking numbers

Dec 2015
Chapter
Thomas M. Steinfatt
Thomas M. Steinfatt argues in his article in favour of counting the actual number of human trafficking cases as an alternative to estimating the size and range of human trafficking through statistical projections. With his research on sex workers in Cambodia he shows how data on victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation can be obtained by analysing communication methods used in the sex industry, locating the actual premises and directly observing the criminal activity in progress.

Developing a sampling frame of potential trafficking victims using geo-mapping techniques

Dec 2015
Chapter
Kelle Barrick, Wayne J. Pitts, Joseph P. McMichael, William D. Wheaton and Brian M. Evans
Given the hidden nature of trafficking in labourers, it is inherently difficult to research. Although identifying victims who are currently being exploited may be the most effective mechanism for generating estimates of the prevalence of trafficking, most research on trafficking in labourers has focused on cases known to law enforcement or service providers. To overcome this obstacle and generate a prevalence estimate of trafficking in persons for the purpose of agricultural labour, a sampling frame of potential victims needs to be constructed. This article contains a description of an innovative technique for developing a sampling frame of migrant farmworkers using geographical data on farming practices to identify where workers may live and employing mobile devices to capture digital images and Global Positioning System coordinates to serve as a surrogate for a household’s address or description with traditional field enumeration. Results of a pilot test demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of developing a sampling frame using this technique.

Preface

Dec 2015
Chapter
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Forum on Crime and Society is a United Nations sales publication issued by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), based in Vienna. It is published in the six official languages of the United Nations: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.

Estimating human trafficking worlwide: a multi-mode strategy

Dec 2015
Chapter
Jan van Dijk
In this article, the author presents the results of an in-depth analysis of the production of statistics by Eurostat on formally identified victims of trafficking in human beings in Europe. He concludes that the concept of an identified victim of trafficking in human beings has different meanings in different European Union member States and that the identification process is organized differently as well. On the basis of those regional results, he argues that statistics on the number of recorded victims of human trafficking cannot be used as a reliable measurement of the extent of trafficking in human beings in a country, neither in the European Union nor elsewhere. As follow-up to this critical assessment, the author argues in favour of a worldwide programme for the collection of survey-based estimates of human trafficking and, to that end, presents a methodological strategy combining various modes of data collection.
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