Migration
Descomposición del cambio demográfico
Para describir la evolución de la población en el tiempo se puede utilizar la ecuación demográfica básica, Nt+1 = Nt + Bt - Dt + It - Et, donde la población estimada en un año t+1 (Nt+1) se obtiene tomando la población del año anterior (N ), sumando los nacimientos (B ), restando las defunciones (D ) y considerando el saldo migratorio (I- E ).
Prefacio
Foro sobre el Delito y la Sociedad es una publicación de las Naciones Unidas para la venta editada por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC), cuya sede está en Viena. Se publica en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas: árabe, chino, español, francés, inglés y ruso.
Предисловие
Форум по проблемам преступности и общества является предназначенной для продажи публикацией Организации Объединенных Наций, которую выпускает расположенное в Вене Управление Организации Объединенных Наций по наркотикам и преступности (УНП ООН). Данная публикация издается на шести официальных языках Организации Объединенных Наций: английском, арабском, испанском, китайском, русском и французском.
Global perspectives: barriers and gaps in accessing legal identity from desk study
The literature review identified several barriers and challenges faced by women, girls and individuals of diverse SOGIESC in accessing the legal identity system (that is, obtaining civil registration and identity documents, etc.) as presented below.
Characteristics of the causal chain
As a part of research question 1, this research study aimed to understand the following: (a) strength of evidence for the different links in the causal chain; and (b) characteristics of the causal chain that are important for researchers, policymakers and those designing interventions. Figure 2 outlines this chain.
Acknowledgements
This report was written by Ruta Nimkar (Research Team Leader) with input from Abis Getachew (Ethiopia National Researcher), Anna Patricia Saberon (Philippines National Research), Maryam Bidmeshgipour, Matthew Porges, Danilo Angulo-Molina and Michael Murphy, the research team from Meraki Labs. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to IOM for commissioning this research as part of the Climate Resilience Against Trafficking and Exploitation (CREATE) project, with special thanks to Jenniffer Dew and Patrick Burland of IOM.
Structural, economic and political factors affecting the chain
Research question 3 (asking about the role of political, economic and structural factors in the climate change–trafficking chain) aims to understand the ways in which systemic factors can increase or reduce/strengthen or weaken resilience.
Individual, household and community factors affecting the chain
To address research question 2 (What individual-, household- and community-level factors can influence this causal chain? How can resilience be built at these levels?), this research looked specifically at both demographic factors and community factors that could affect the causal chain.
Introduction
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a complex global challenge with far-reaching implications for human societies. Its effects extend beyond environmental impacts, affecting various aspects of human society, including economic systems, social structures and human rights (IPCC, 2022).
Conclusions
Access to legal identity remains a challenge for women, girls and individuals of different SOGIESC, as evidenced by the barriers outlined in this report. Despite legislative progress promoting gender equality, gaps in enforcement, coupled with institutional inefficiencies and deeply ingrained sociocultural norms, continue to hinder women’s ability to obtain identity documents and register vital life events.
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by Hélène Syed Zwick and was commissioned by the Migrant Protection Unit (MPX) of IOM in close collaboration with the African Union Institute for Statistics (STATAFRIC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), in line with the implementation of the Second Strategy for the Harmonization of Statistics in Africa (also referred to as SHaSA2).
Individual, household and community factors affecting the chain
This section describes the ways in which demographic and community factors affect the climate change–trafficking chain in Ethiopia, based on both primary and secondary data and analysis.
Desk review
The body of literature examining the intersection of climate change and health impacts in industrial zones in Viet Nam, particularly Hanoi, is severely limited