Migration

This book provides a transcription of the reports written by undercover agent Paul Kinsie for the League of Nations Special Body of Experts on Traffic in Women and Children in the mid-1920s. Between 1924 and 1926, a team travelled to more than a hundred cities in Europe, the Americas and the Mediterranean area to interview individuals involved in the regulation, repression, medical control, organization and practice of the sex trade. American undercover agents were included on the team to infiltrate the so-called ‘underworld’ and obtain ‘facts’ about the traffic. Among these, Kinsie was the most prolific. He visited more than forty cities and produced hundreds of reports in which his contacts with prostitutes, brothel owners, madams, pimps and procurers are described in detail. For a proper contextualization of the reports, scholars from around the world were asked to provide short introductions to the situation with regard to prostitution in each city that was visited. The book offers a unique source of information which is of great ethnographic value for people interested in the history of human trafficking and prostitution.

The present study considers fourteen of the principal Regional Consultative Processes on Migration, spanning most regions of the globe. Based primarily on interviews with government officials and other actors involved in these processes, the Study asks what impact Regional Consultative Processes on Migration have had on migration governance and on fostering greater confidence in inter-State cooperation on migration. This Report sets out with a broad definition of migration governance. It identifies three distinct phases of the governance processes and analyses the contributions Regional Consultative Processes on Migration have made to each of these. The Study then proceeds to draw general lessons and recommendations from the experiences of different processes in terms of their working style and focus.

This report specifically presents the results of IOM’s mandated work, in particular, the volume, frequency, transfer mechanisms, use, determinants, and impact of remittances on transnational Serbian households receiving support from relatives in Switzerland. This report concludes with recommendations for ways in which these remittance flows and their development impacts can be enhanced.

There is growing consensus that international migration can have important impacts on development, and that it is important to develop appropriate and effective policy interventions that will help realize the full potential of international migration. This will require devising measures to harness the developmental potential that emigration from developing countries can bring while, at the same time, ensuring that the depletion of highly skilled workers does not damage development outcomes in the countries of origin. This paper is intended to guide policymakers through some of these challenges.

This edition of the IOM Migration Research Series, authored by the staff of the ACP Observatory, sheds light on the specific characteristics of South–South migration and presents evidence on the manifold avenues for increasing its contribution to development. This publication outlines key findings of three years of research in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries carried out by the ACP Observatory on Migration.

The 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report examines the education impact of migration and displacement across all population movements: within and across borders, voluntary and forced, for employment and education. It also reviews progress on education in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In view of increasing diversity, the report analyses how education can build inclusive societies and help people move beyond tolerance and learn to live together. Education provided equally builds bridges; unequal provision raises walls between migrants and refugees and their host communities. Two new global compacts on migrants and refugees recognize education’s role and set objectives aligned with the global commitment to leave no one behind. This report is a vital toolkit for these compacts. It covers policy issues that address seasonal migrants, rural school consolidation, intercultural curricula, refugee inclusion in national education systems and elimination of segregation, qualifications recognition, targeting of school funding, more effective humanitarian education aid and teacher preparedness for diverse classrooms in emergency, protracted and “new normal” contexts. The report calls on countries to see education as a tool to manage migration and displacement and an opportunity for those needing one.

This report by the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI) focuses on migration dynamics between Morocco and the European Union. Based on an extensive survey of 2,500 Moroccan households in five provinces in Morocco as well as in five Spanish regions, the study analyses the reasons for migration and identifies social, economic and regional policy issues that need to be addressed in order to moderate the existing migration pressure.

La publication EDAR 2018 intitulée “Migration et Transformation Structurelle en Afrique” met en lumière le fait que la migration intra-Afrique est pertinente pour l’agenda sur l’intégration régionale et continentale et montre qu’il y a encore des lacunes en matière de connaissance, y compris sur la relation entre les politiques migratoires, économiques et commerciales. Le rapport cherche à combler ces lacunes en utilisant une combinaison de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, des ensembles de données globales, des enquêtes auprès des ménages et des données de niveau sectoriel pour obtenir des “faits stylisés” sur les modèles de migration intra-africaine et le biais par lequel ils influencent les résultats du développement socio-économique en Afrique. Le rapport a opté, de façon innovatrice, pour une narration centrée sur l’humain pour identifier les opportunités d’absorption du surplus de main d’oeuvre dans les différents secteurs du continent. La conclusion offre de nouveaux aperçus pour les gouvernements africains ainsi que pour les parties prenantes hors du continent.

The current global economic crisis is impacting migration patterns and processes around the world. A reduction in migration flows globally has been reported. Migrant workers are laid off, and while some return home, others stay. How to respond to these migration impacts poses challenges for policymakers in both countries of origin and destination. Against this background, this Report considers the lessons for migration policy to be learned from the major financial crises of the 20h century, namely the Great Depression (1930s), the oil crisis (1973), the Asian financial crisis (1997-1999), the financial crisis in Russia (1998), and the Latin American financial crisis (1998-2002). As the impact of previous crises on migrants and migration has been uneven and unequal across countries and regions, depending on a range of factors, this Report draws out the wider lessons for policy that can be learned from previous responses to economic crises.

This report examines how pastoral mobility has been impacted by the creation of unnatural boundaries within landscapes and how societies cope with these constraints through legal or informal arrangements. There are many examples from around the world of efforts to facilitate transboundary movements and transboundary ecosystem management by pastoralists.

Hoy, la mitad de todos los migrantes internacionales – 95 millones – son mujeres y niñas. No obstante, pese a sus sustanciales contribuciones a sus familias en el lugar de origen y a las comunidades en el extranjero, se sigue pasando por alto y haciendo caso omiso a sus necesidades. El informe de este año examina el alcance y la magnitud de la migración de mujeres, los efectos de las remesas que éstas envían al lugar de origen para apoyar a sus familias y comunidades, y su desproporcionada vulnerabilidad a la trata, la explotación y el abuso.

This report reviews the current status of demographic evidence and its capacity to support monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It focuses on the core systems generating demographic data and describes how the “data revolution” has already improved their performance and the potential for accelerating such improvements. In addition, the report underscores that open access to anonymized microdata and routine use of geo-referencing in data collection are necessary to expand the use of demographic data. Geo-referencing makes possible the integration of diverse datasets and facilitates disaggregation and the incorporation of big data in analyses and modelling.

This paper presents an overview of current thinking and available evidence on the migration development nexus and includes an assessment of the intended and unintended consequences of development interventions and the role of humanitarian aid in migrant producing areas. Four critical issues are analyzed: poverty and migration; conflicts, refugees, and migration; migrants as a development resource; aid and migration.

The report shows that important research has been undertaken on the transnational crime aspects of migrant smuggling, including on routes, smuggling organizations (such as criminal networking and facilitation), smuggler profiles and fees/payment. Likewise, there is an emerging academic literature on migrant smuggling, particularly the economic and social processes involved in smuggling, which has largely been based on small-scale qualitative research, mostly undertaken by early career researchers. Contributions from private research companies, as well as investigative journalists, have provided useful insights in some regions, helping to shed light on smuggling practices. There remains, however, sizeable gaps in migration policy research and data, particularly in relation to migration patterns and processes linked to migrant smuggling, including its impact on migrants (particularly vulnerability, abuse and exploitation), as well as its impact on irregular migration flows (such as increasing scale, diversity and changes in geography). Addressing these systemic and regional gaps in data and research would help deepen understanding of the smuggling phenomenon, and provide further insights into how responses can be formulated that better protect migrants while enhancing States’ abilities to manage orderly migration.

This paper is intended to stimulate discussions on the relationship between migration, return, and development. It outlines the operational framework and research strategy that will be used to investigate this relationship in an ongoing research project on West Africa. The paper discusses the following issues: contemporary trends in international migration in West Africa, consequences of migration to domestic labour markets, effects of migrant remittances, brain drain phenomenon, the developmental impacts of potential capital transfers occurring with return, elements for a meso-level approach on migration issues to achieve an improved understanding of the complex relationship between international migration, return, and development.

The World Migration Report 2015: Migrants and Cities, New Partnerships to Manage Mobility - the eighth report in IOM’s World Migration Report (WMR) series - focuses on how migration and migrants are shaping cities and how the life of migrants is shaped by cities, their people, organizations and rules. Over 54 per cent of people across the globe were living in urban areas in 2014. The number of people living in cities will almost double to some 6.4 billion by 2050, turning much of the world into a global city. Human mobility and migration play an important part in this but are largely missing from the global debate on urbanization. Many city and local governments also still do not include migration or migrants in their urban development planning and implementation. The report aims to address this gap by considering migration as a defining factor alongside climate change, population growth, demographic change and economic crisis in shaping sustainable cities of the future.

IOM’s second World Migration Report presents one of the most complete records of reference data and background analysis on population movements. It is organized around the core theme of migration management. Policy responses to specific migration issues are discussed in a series of essays with varying geographical and thematic focus. Preceding the thematic section, a general section introduces the reader to the basics of international migration issues and provides regional updates on trends that have occurred since the publication of the previous report. Maps and graphs and a separate statistics section support the updates on migration trends and policies. With contributions from internationally renowned practitioners and scholars in the area of migration, the report provides a critical analysis of the current state and policy implications of international migration.

This report presents available evidence on public perceptions and attitudes regarding migration globally. It analyzes how they can influence and be influenced by policy and the media. It suggests several ways to improve communication about migration to promote better understanding and recognition of the benefits of migration. The publication comprises two parts: part A analyses major migration trends in 2010/2011, offering an overview of developments in policy, legislation, international cooperation and dialogue on migration, and part B reviews the evolution of the agency’s approach to migration management since the end of the Cold War. It also presents a statistical overview of the organization’s programmes over the last decade.

Since 2000, IOM has been producing world migration reports. The World Migration Report 2020, the tenth in the world migration report series, has been produced to contribute to increased understanding of migration throughout the world. This new edition presents key data and information on migration as well as thematic chapters on highly topical migration issues, and is structured to focus on two key contributions for readers: Part I: key information on migration and migrants (including migration-related statistics); and Part II: balanced, evidence-based analysis of complex and emerging migration issues.

The task of formulating workable approaches to the management of international migration remains a formidable challenge for the community, one that will require both time and effort over the coming years. In what terms are we to develop comprehensive migration management strategies that will help us achieve coherence of action? What organizing principles should be adopted? Is there, in conceptual terms, a point of leverage to move the debate forward? Part of the problem lies in the difficulty of coming to a consensus about the fundamental nature of migration and its outcomes. Underlying the current and welcome inclination to acknowledge the potentially beneficial outcomes of migratory phenomena are many questions that are yet to be fully resolved. In the midst of that uncertainty there are suggestions worth exploring that contemporary migration – as opposed to whatever its historical antecedents may have been – is uniquely related to and defined by those processes of economic and social integration collectively known as globalization. The argument is that, whether by design or not, these developments are largely responsible for the creation of an unprecedented context in which human mobility seeks to find expression on a genuinely global scale. The World Migration Report 2008 tackles this issue directly and seeks to identify policy options that might contribute to the development of broad and coherent strategies to better match demand for migrant workers with supply in safe, humane and orderly ways. Part A of the Report explores the nature and magnitude of the need for such strategies through the observation and analysis of a wide range of contemporary migratory patterns linked to economic purposes while Part B discusses the contours of possible policy responses.

Since 2000, IOM has been producing world migration reports. The World Migration Report 2022, the eleventh in the world migration report series, has been produced to contribute to increased understanding of migration throughout the world. This new edition presents key data and information on migration as well as thematic chapters on highly topical migration issues, and is structured to focus on two key contributions for readers: Part I: key information on migration and migrants (including migration-related statistics); and Part II: balanced, evidence-based analysis of complex and emerging migration issues.

The 2019 edition of the World Population Policies report, a report published biennially since 2003, focuses on Government policies and programmes on international migration. It provides an overview of policies to govern regular migration and to address irregular migration, and reviews an array of policy measures related to migrants’ rights, including access to services, as well as policies to foster the integration of migrants into host societies. The report also examines Government measures to maximise the development impacts of migration and to support diasporas. The 2019 World Population Policies report presents the official Government responses to the module on international migration (module III) of the United Nations Twelfth Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development (the “Inquiry”). The Population Division has been implementing the Inquiry every five years since 1963 as part of its mandate to systematically monitor population policies at the international level.

The 2019 edition of the World Population Policies: Highlights provides a summary of a selected number of Government policies and programmes related to international migration. It provides an overview of policies to govern regular migration and to address irregular migration, and reviews an array of policy measures related to migrants’ rights, including access to services, as well as policies to foster the integration of migrants into host societies. The report also examines Government measures to maximise the development impacts of migration and to support diasporas. The 2019 World Population Policies: Highlights presents the official Government responses to the module on international migration (module III) of the United Nations Twelfth Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development (the “Inquiry”). The Population Division has been implementing the Inquiry every five years since 1963 as part of its mandate to systematically monitor population policies at the international level.