Public Health

The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have had less noticeable impacts on small island developing States (SIDS). However, the impacts may be longer lasting and more critical. The pandemic has exacerbated the unique and overwhelming challenges in these States related to connectivity; a high level of dependence on external trade; remoteness and prohibitive transport costs; food security; infrastructure gaps; resilience; sustainability; and access to finance. This policy brief builds on the findings in Review of Maritime Transport 2020 and of the ongoing United Nations-wide project “Transport and trade connectivity in the age of pandemics: Contactless, seamless and collaborative solutions”, launched in 2020 amid the pandemic. It highlights key priority actions and policy recommendations to support SIDS in strengthening their ability to respond to shocks and disruptions that undermine their maritime transportation systems and to future proof their maritime supply chains through sustainability and resilience-building efforts.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted every aspect of society. In mid-April 2020, 192 countries had closed their schools, putting 9 out of 10 enrolled children out of school. These closures disproportionately affected marginalized children, worsening existing inequities across education systems worldwide. This brief draws on the experience of five UNICEF education country programmes supported by the Let Us Learn (LUL) initiative, to document tangible lessons in adapting education programmes to support the most marginalized children during school and learning centre closures. The evidence in this brief stems from a series of semi-structured interviews with Education and Child Protection specialists, as well as a document review of available COVID-19 response studies, in the five LUL-supported UNICEF Country Offices.

Climate change is already impacting negatively on the health and well-being of individuals across the globe, and this burden is likely to become more important and debilitating over time. Due to deep-rooted systemic inequalities, the growing negative consequences disproportionately affect diverse women, girls and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people. The same structural and cultural factors that render them more vulnerable also limit their meaningful participation in mitigation and adaptation planning and marginalize their needs. This policy brief argues the case that to enable gender-transformative, intersectional and rights-based approaches, climate change, gender and other social determinants of health must therefore be considered and addressed jointly where possible. A systems-based approach can improve the understanding of important synergies and co-benefits, feedback loops, trade-offs and unanticipated consequences that are critical to priority-setting and effective responses. It can also foster critically needed cross-sectoral collaboration among the policymakers and advocates who work on climate, health and gender equality.

América Latina y el Caribe se han convertido en zonas críticas de la pandemia de COVID-19, exacerbada por estructuras de protección social débiles, sistemas de salud fragmentados y profundas desigualdades. El COVID‑19 provocará en la región la peor recesión de los últimos 100 años y se estima que generará una contracción del 9,1% del producto interno bruto (PIB) regional en 2020. Esto podría aumentar el número de personas en situación de pobreza en América Latina en 45 millones (hasta llegar a un total de 230 millones de personas) y el número de personas en situación de extrema pobreza en 28 millones (llegando a un total de 96 millones de personas), poniéndolas en riesgo de desnutrición. En una región que experimentó un número significativo de crisis políticas y protestas en 2019, el aumento de las desigualdades, la exclusión y la discriminación en el contexto de la pandemia afectará negativamente el goce de los derechos humanos y los avances democráticos; situación que, de no atenderse, podría eventualmente derivar en malestar social y disturbios. La recuperación posterior a la pandemia debería ser una oportunidad para transformar el modelo de desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe y, al mismo tiempo, fortalecer la democracia, salvaguardar los derechos humanos y mantener la paz, en consonancia con la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.

Tourism provides livelihoods for millions of people and allows billions more to appreciate their own and different cultures, as well as the natural world. For some countries, it can represent over 20 per cent of their GDP and, overall, it is the third largest export sector of the global economy. Tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, impacting economies, livelihoods, public services and opportunities on all continents. While sustaining the livelihoods dependent on the sector must be a priority, rebuilding tourism is also an opportunity for transformation with a focus on leveraging its impact on destinations visited and building more resilient communities and businesses through innovation, digitalization, sustainability, and partnerships.

Old age disadvantage begins at birth. Much of the inequality between older persons has its roots in early life conditions. Without policies to prevent it, disadvantages reinforce one another through peoples’ lives, leading to large disparities among older adults. A life course perspective on ageing is critical to improving people’s health and well-being throughout the life course into old age. The onset and severity of disability – affecting either physical or mental health – profoundly impacts the lives of people and their families and incurs large economic and societal costs in terms of health care and caregiving needs. Disability is a key outcome of unequal ageing as it has been tied to both early life conditions, such as childhood poverty and later life risk factors, including health behaviors, occupation and chronic stress. Examining physical functional limitations as a measure of disability lends itself to cross-national comparisons of inequalities in health in old age as it measures difficulties that people face in carrying out tasks in their daily living, and does not depend on access to health care and medical professionals for diagnosis, as is the case for examining differences in the prevalence of diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

The correlation between ambient air quality and heightened transmission rates/case severity of COVID-19 has been recognized in previous studies. The initial results have shown that an increase of only 1 μg/m3 in PM2.5 is associated with an 11 percent increase in the COVID-19 death rate. Nevertheless, there is very limited data available on air quality and its correlation with COVID-19. The lack of necessary data affects policy preparation and the development of national strategies that would focus on reducing air pollution with a view to combatting the ongoing pandemic and other health issues. Air pollution is a major public health threat3 and one of the main environmental problems in developing countries. Capturing the combined impact of both threats is a challenge that the entire international community faces.

Ce document de politique générale présente des nouvelles données concernant les incidences de la pandémie mondiale de COVID-19 sur l’économie du soin. En complément d’un document distinct intitulé « Lutter contre les incidences économiques du COVID-19 », ce document met en lumière les mesures phares nécessaires pour répondre à l’augmentation de la demande de soins non rémunérés liés à la pandémie, verser des rémunérations suffisantes, créer des conditions de travail décentes pour les soignants rémunérés et permettre la participation des soignants rémunérés et non rémunérés aux décisions politiques les concernant. Ce document formule des recommandations qui doivent être prises en compte par toutes les parties prenantes, qu’il s’agisse des gouvernements ou des organisations internationales, et donne des exemples d’initiatives déjà prises.

COVID-19 and the response to the pandemic is driving millions of informal sector and self-employed workers into poverty. This brief provides estimates of a temporary basic income for all poor and vulnerable people in the developing world.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed fragility across high and low-income countries. Yet its impacts have reminded the policy community that not all countries are equal in their ability to withstand the pandemic’s shocks. Fragile and conflict-affected countries are generally more vulnerable to shocks from crises and less able to address critical impacts. Such impacts of the pandemic have exposed some of the toughest setbacks to peace and development in decades. This policy brief lays out recent findings on how the pandemic’s secondary impacts are affecting the economic, social, human, political, security and environmental dimensions of fragility to inform ongoing mitigation and recovery efforts.