United Nations

La Commission du droit international est un organe d’experts, composé de « personnes possédant une compétence notoire en matière de droit international », qui œuvre au développement progressif et à la codification du droit international. Annuaire de la Commission du droit international: Volume I : Comptes rendus de séance; Volume II : Texte des principaux rapports établis au cours de l’année, y compris le rapport annuel à l’Assemblée générale.

The Forest Sector Outlook Study 2020-2040 (FSOS) for the UNECE region provides information that supports decision-making by showing the possible medium and long-term consequences of specific policy choices and structural changes, using scenario analyses whenever possible. The study is the first to cover the entire UNECE region and provides results for the main UNECE subregions of Europe, North America and the Russian Federation. These supporting Discussion Papers contain information on the possible impacts of future trends regarding the future forest carbon sink in tonnes of CO2 equivalents, and on harvest, production, consumption, net exports and prices of wood products by 2040. The study takes a pragmatic, transparent and objective approach to answering these key questions, sometimes using a modeling approach. It enables stakeholders to evaluate the long-term consequences of policy choices.

Volume I contains summary records of the International Law Commission sessions on such subjects as: arbitral procedures, diplomatic immunities, Law of the Sea, nationality, Law of Treaties and Rights and Duties of States. Volume II contains reports of Special Rapporteurs and documents relating to the subjects discussed in Volume I including the report of the General Assembly.

The Forest Sector Outlook Study 2020-2040 (FSOS) for the UNECE region provides information that supports decision-making by showing the possible medium and long-term consequences of specific policy choices and structural changes, using scenario analyses whenever possible. The study is the first to cover the entire UNECE region and provides results for the main UNECE subregions of Europe, North America and the Russian Federation. This Discussion Paper presents the detailed research, analysis and findings that were used to develop Chapter 4 of the UNECE/FAO Forest Sector Outlook Study 2020-2040. The study takes a pragmatic, transparent and objective approach to answering these key questions, sometimes using a modeling approach. It enables stakeholders to evaluate the long-term consequences of policy choices.

La Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) es un organismo creado por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 1947 con el objetivo de codificar y promocionar el Derecho internacional. Su trabajo ha sido fundamental en la adopción de diversos tratados u otros instrumentos internacionales, como la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados o la Corte Penal Internacional, sobre la que emitió una primera propuesta ya en 1949. Los informes anuales de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional están disponibles desde 1978. La Comisión de Derecho Internacional y su obra Disponible en Volúmenes I y II .

Volume I contains summary records of the International Law Commission sessions on such subjects as: arbitral procedures, diplomatic immunities, Law of the Sea, nationality, Law of Treaties and Rights and Duties of States. Volume II contains reports of Special Rapporteurs and documents relating to the subjects discussed in Volume I including the report of the General Assembly.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, digital frontier technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data analytics, amongst others, have been mobilized to fight against the pandemic. But it is also important that digital technologies serve the needs of the Sustainable Development Goals. This report reviews the status of digital frontier technologies in the Asia-Pacific region. It stresses that the policy framework for the next generation of technology and innovation should focus on creating an enabling environment for digital frontier technologies to positively impact economy, society, and environment; and to reduce inequalities.

La Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) es un organismo creado por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 1947 con el objetivo de codificar y promocionar el Derecho internacional. Su trabajo ha sido fundamental en la adopción de diversos tratados u otros instrumentos internacionales, como la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados o la Corte Penal Internacional, sobre la que emitió una primera propuesta ya en 1949. Los informes anuales de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional están disponibles desde 1978. La Comisión de Derecho Internacional y su obra Disponible en Volúmenes I y II .

A sustainable and circular bioeconomy presents opportunities to improve climate change adaptation and resilience by promoting ecosystem restoration, nutrient and water retention in soils, supporting Indigenous People and local livelihoods based on biological products and services as well as building the conditions for more sustainably managed forests and fisheries. A transition to a sustainable and circular bioeconomy involves challenges and risks as well as benefits and opportunities. The potential trade-offs must be carefully considered and mitigating measures put in place to offset the negatives. Policy actions, partnerships and innovations are key tools to support a transition. While a transition to a sustainable and circular bioeconomy is a global goal, local production and consumption are key economic conditions to consider in achieving it. Local economies, green job opportunities and consumer interests should be supported and benefit from a transition. Forest-based materials are used for a wide variety of products in a circular bioeconomy and innovation continues to refine existing and develop new applications. The considerations addressed in this study include the growing demand for renewable forest-based raw materials and energy as well as the drive for a reduction in global reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, there are considerations for climate change, pollution, and waste, as well as the phasing out of single-use and fossil-plastics, that create opportunities and challenges for the forest sector. To further support a sustainable and circular bioeconomy and the potential for a positive relationship with forests, public and private sector actors need to continue efforts that will effectively address the environmental, economic, and social aspects of a transition.

La Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) es un organismo creado por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 1947 con el objetivo de codificar y promocionar el Derecho internacional. Su trabajo ha sido fundamental en la adopción de diversos tratados u otros instrumentos internacionales, como la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados o la Corte Penal Internacional, sobre la que emitió una primera propuesta ya en 1949. Los informes anuales de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional están disponibles desde 1978. La Comisión de Derecho Internacional y su obra Disponible en Volúmenes I y II .

The circularity of paper and paperboard value chains is implemented principally thanks to the link between the design and production on the one hand and the use and end-of-life management on the other. As paper products become more complex and have to fulfil more functions, it is important that designers and producers of paper-based products are aware of the paper recycling process and contribute to high rates of and high-quality recovered paper allowing paper products to stay in the material loop. Various initiatives have been put in place in the pulp and paper value chain to ensure this objective and increase the circularity of paper-based products. However, the high rate of recycling is an achievement distinct from the pulp and paper industry among forest-based industries. The study describes the complexity of the pulp and paper industry with its different stages of raw material use, pulp and papermaking production processes and, finally, the trend to create higher-value products from side stream utilization. The study also gives the general industry context by describing an overall trend from a resource-intensive industry to one that has reduced its resource consumption, including through increased recycling rates over the last few years and the attention given to the optimization of water use and energy consumption. The design for the end-of-life valorization is equally important for all industries in the forest sector to successfully embrace circularity. However, in the pulp and paper industry, this important aspect of circularity has been realized as the high level of recycling is a prominent industry-wide feature. For this reason, this study places a particular focus on circular design and its interlinkages with the high level of paper recycling.

The Guidelines on Accounting for Global Value Chains: GVC Satellite Accounts and Integrated Business Statistics were prepared by the Expert Group on International Trade and Economic Globalization Statistics. The Expert Group was established by the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2015 to address the challenges that globalization and emerging complex production arrangements pose to compiling macroeconomic and business statistics, including the supporting business registers. These Guidelines provide a national perspective on globalization on the basis of a GVC accounting framework that describes industry-specific GVCs in a multi-country supply chain of goods, services and institutional arrangements. Doing so allows for an integrated presentation of production, income, assets and liabilities by partner country for those GVC industries that play a significant role in the national economy, resulting in GVC-specific, multi-country supply and use tables and related institutional sector accounts. These accounts rely on a framework for integrated business, trade and investment statistics, which is based on a global enterprise perspective, with the aim of better understanding the business models and business accounting schemes of global enterprises in their day-to-day activities. Thus, the Guidelines further elaborate on the concepts of business lines and business functions and profiling large multinational enterprises. They emphasize the importance of statistical business registers and global registers and resolving data inconsistencies in basic economic statistics.

There are several pathways through which energy systems are transitioning to a decarbonized, sustainable economy. The development and implementation of these technologies are being driven by innovation in a wide variety of technologies. Now that most economies are emerging, governments are focused on driving a sustainable socioeconomic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is an endemic issue which must be addressed. The energy sector is missing out on the experiences, skills, and talents of much of half the human population, which severely constrains the sustainable energy transition. In addition to a larger skilled workforce, there are several advantages in bridging the gender gap within the energy sector. Gender disparities in the energy sector have been observed around the world. Women are less represented in policymaking, corporate leadership and governance, as entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, and in the labour workforce. These barriers are surmountable using a two-way complementary approach, which is simultaneously bottom-up - action by women and society to bridge the gap of gender inequality in the energy sector – and top-down – government and policymakers need to develop policy tools to encourage women’s participation in the energy sector. This paper is summarising key findings from a report and empirical case studies of five United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) member States: Albania, Belarus, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan.

The ECE Region is at a crossroads and the time is NOW for Member States to put in place policies to drive action that will build a resilient energy system that acknowledges the need for affordable access to energy for quality of life and economic growth, minimizes the environmental impact of the system to create sustainability and meet carbon emission goals, while securing the supply necessary to support society’s needs. The Expert Groups under the UNECE’s Committee for Sustainable Energy (CSE) have collaborated to produce a technical roadmap to balance competing priorities in recognition of today’s very real climate, security, and affordability challenges. It respects Member States’ rights to make decisions that meet their own priorities and as such does not prescribe the specific path forward but lays out the technical considerations that are in critical need of balance at this point in time.

La expansión de los sistemas de pensiones no contributivos en la región constituye uno de los principales hitos en la construcción de las arquitecturas de la protección social en un contexto marcado por una alta informalidad laboral, un acelerado envejecimiento y amplias brechas y desigualdades, incluidas las desigualdades de género. En este siglo se observa un aumento sustantivo de la cobertura de los sistemas de pensiones no contributivos, que en 2022 llegaban a casi 3 de cada 10 personas de 65 años y más de América Latina y el Caribe. Crear sistemas de pensiones no contributivos y fortalecer los ya existentes en los países de la región puede aportar decididamente al objetivo civilizatorio de erradicar la pobreza en la vejez, así como a reducir significativamente las desigualdades y garantizar niveles de ingresos protegidos en esta etapa de la vida. En este documento se propone enfrentar colectivamente los riesgos asociados a la vejez, favoreciendo la construcción de arquitecturas de bienestar renovadas, que avancen hacia la universalidad con la sostenibilidad y la solidaridad en el centro. Alcanzar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de pensiones no contributivos es un eje central para promover la solidaridad y garantizar el ejercicio de los derechos en la vejez.

These five volumes contain pleadings from the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) in the language in which they were submitted, including the document instituting proceedings, the written pleadings and their annexes, the verbatim records of the oral proceedings, and any documents submitted to the Court after the closure of the written proceedings.

These five volumes contain pleadings from the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) in the language in which they were submitted, including the document instituting proceedings, the written pleadings and their annexes, the verbatim records of the oral proceedings, and any documents submitted to the Court after the closure of the written proceedings.

These two volumes contain pleadings from the case concerning Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) in the language in which they were submitted, including the document instituting proceedings, the written pleadings and their annexes, the verbatim records of the oral proceedings, and any documents submitted to the Court after the closure of the written proceedings.

These nine volumes contain pleadings from the case concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) in the language in which they were submitted, including the document instituting proceedings, the written pleadings and their annexes, the verbatim records of the oral proceedings, and any documents submitted to the Court after the closure of the written proceedings.

These nine volumes contain pleadings from the case concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) in the language in which they were submitted, including the document instituting proceedings, the written pleadings and their annexes, the verbatim records of the oral proceedings, and any documents submitted to the Court after the closure of the written proceedings.

These nine volumes contain pleadings from the case concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) in the language in which they were submitted, including the document instituting proceedings, the written pleadings and their annexes, the verbatim records of the oral proceedings, and any documents submitted to the Court after the closure of the written proceedings.