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- Volume 2013, Issue 111, 2013
CEPAL Review - Volume 2013, Issue 111, 2013
Volume 2013, Issue 111, 2013
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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Commercial bank financing for micro-enterprises and SMEs in Mexico
Authors: Ramón Padilla-Pérez and Rodrigo Fenton OntañonThis article examines commercial bank lending strategies for micro-enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Mexico, and the factors that promote or hinder lending in this segment. With this in mind, in 2011 a detailed survey was conducted of commercial banks operating in Mexico. Although credit to micro-enterprises and SMSs still represents a small share of the loan portfolio, the survey results point to growing interest in broadening it. Three different business models were identified, with major differences in strategies for offering. financial services to this segment of enterprises. The greatest barriers to increasing the credit supply are lack of information, creditor protection failures, informality, and the changes and disruptions that commercial banking has experienced over the past three decades.
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A modelling framework for assessing the economic impact of climate change in the Caribbean
Author: Roberto RosonThe ECLAC-Climate Impacts Assessment Model (CIAM) is a modelling platform that has been created to assess the economic consequences of climate change in the Caribbean. The model can be freely accessed, downloaded and even modified. The version available is a full-fledged model which can readily be used to conduct simulation exercises. This paper provides a general description of the model and an illustrative simulation exercise. Our results from this exercise highlight the fact that the Caribbean is a highly vulnerable region where climate change is expected to generate sizeable and negative economic consequences.
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Inequality in education in Costa Rica: The gap between students in public and private schools. An analysis of the results of the programme for international student assessment (PISA)
Authors: Andrés A. Fernández and Valle A. Roberto DelThis article presents the main results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for Costa Rica in 2009 and then goes on to analyse the gap between the scores of students attending private schools and those attending public schools. However, the estimation of an education production function using these data shows that this gap is not entirely attributable to whether schools are public or private, but that instead the students’ family environment, personal traits and, in particular, the student’s grade level at the time that the PISA test was taken are all quite influential.
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Motherhood wage penalties and labour market segmentation: Evidence from argentina
Authors: María del Pilar Casal and Bradford L. BarhamThis article explores the connection between labour market segregation and motherhood wage penalties in Argentina across the formal and informal sectors. It uses ordinary least square and quantile regression estimation strategies and deploys Blinder-Oaxaca and Ñopo decompositions to identify sources of wage differences. The finding is that there is strong evidence of labour market segmentation and that motherhood wage penalties differ substantively across the sectors and between different wage quantiles. In particular, formal-sector working mothers do not experience wage penalties, while informal ones do. The motherhood wage penalty increases with the number of children, especially younger children, and is greatest at the bottom and next greatest at the top of the conditional wage distribution
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Gender differences in workplace choices under crisis conditions
Authors: Lilia V. Domínguez and Flor G. BrownWorking from home is an option that differs from other forms of employment. This type of employment is driven not only by globalization and outsourcing, but also by unequal gender relationships within the home. Two multi-logistic regressions were used to determine how the distribution of in-home working arrangements differs by sex and by male/female age range, level of education, marital status and degree of urbanization of the place of residence. The results suggest that these characteristics have a differential influence on men’s and women’s employment decisions. The results also indicate that the crisis had a strong impact on the employment levels of home-based workers, especially male home workers, at the same time that it boosted employment in the services sector.
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The structural heterogeneity of family farming in Brazil
Regional and productive inequality may stem from the agricultural modernization process, in which some agents are able to incorporate and absorb technological content, while others are excluded, not only from the innovative organizational environment, but also from learning processes and the dissemination of new production techniques and knowledge. This paper analyses family farming, by making comparisons in regional terms and by groups of producers using high, medium and low technology. It also calculates the productive inequality index (Gini coefficient of gross income) of the north, north-east, centre-west, south-east and south regions. In view of the regional differentiation, the size of enterprises and the various levels of technological growth, public policies should focus on reducing the disparities that hamper the dissemination of new knowledge and productivity growth among economic agents, leading to greater productive inclusion.
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Chile: Port congestion and efficient rationing in cargo transfer operations
Authors: Claudio A. Agostini and Eduardo H. SaavedraNo pricing system is likely to be able to do away with congestion in port cargo transfer operations at peak times, since port use is determined not so much by seasonal factors as, first and foremost, by the simultaneous arrival of vessels, which results in rationing. This article shows that rationing, to be efficient, needs to go by the value of the cargo transferred rather than following a first-come-first-served rule. It demonstrates that efficient rationing gives priority to containerized cargo, followed by break bulk cargo, with bulk cargo in last place. These findings are applied to cargo transfer at the San Antonio Terminal Internacional franchised port in Chile.
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The performance of transnational corporations: Evidence for the manufacturing industry in Chile
Author: Sebastián M. VergaraThis article analyses the performance of transnational corporations in Chilean manufacturing industry. The findings show that while the productivity of subsidiaries of foreign-owned firms is higher than that of local firms, the same is not true of productivity growth. They also show that there are no significant differences in market survival rates between transnational corporations and local firms. However, firms under mainly foreign ownership that are small and have low productivity are more likely to exit the market, displaying more footloose behaviour than their local counterparts. This is associated with lower levels of profitability for this group of transnational firms. Lastly, the findings suggest that transnational corporations are not always more profitable than local firms. Furthermore, they seem able to exploit their advantages over the latter only in the higher quantiles of the profitability distribution.
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An assessment of the dynamics between the permanent and transitory components of Mexico’s output and unemployment
Authors: Alejandro Islas and Willy W. CortezPrevious studies about the relationship between the cyclical components of Mexico’s output and unemployment suggest that it closely resembles that found in the economy of the United States of America. This would indicate that the dynamics between output and labour markets in the two economies are rather similar. However, these estimates are puzzling for they do not correspond to a characterization made to Mexico’s labour market. Using a methodology first proposed by Clark (1989), we find that the correlation between the transitory components of output and unemployment is much lower than previously thought.
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An empirical analysis of technology absorption capacity of the Brazilian industry
Authors: Pablo Felipe Bittencourt and Ricardo GiglioThis article presents and discusses empirical evidence on external technology absorption facilitated by activities performed inside firms. Indicators of internal and external learning are developed and applied in statistical causality models, to distinguish possible ways in which technology can be absorbed. Industrial activity sectors at the three-digit level of the National Classification of Economic Activities (nace) are the basic reference units of the research, which uses the information generated by Brazil’s Survey of Technological Innovation (pintec). The results show that in-house research and development (r&d) is the main source of technology absorption, followed by the knowledge generated from the “learning by doing” and “training practices”.
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