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- Volume 1994, Issue 52, 1994
CEPAL Review - Volume 1994, Issue 52, 1994
Volume 1994, Issue 52, 1994
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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Income distribution and poverty through crisis and adjustment
Author: Oscar AltimirThis article analyses the costs in terms of income distribution of the crisis and adjustments of the 1980s, as well as the effects of the subsequent recovery and resumption of sustained growth patterns. This analysis is based on comparable pairs of estimates of income distribution and poverty prepared by ECLAC for the ten largest and predominantly urban countries of the region.
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New directions for public management
Author: Eugenio Lahera P.Consideration of the roles to be played by the public and private sectors in a country’s developm ent strategy naturally leads to an analysis of the public sector’s main orientations regarding both its own actions and the establishm ent of a regulatory framework for the performance of certain types of activities. These orientations are expressed through public policies, i.e., the courses of action followed by the public sector in pursuance of a more or less well-defined objective.
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The petrochemical and machine tool industries: Business strategies
Authors: Daniel Chudnovsky, Andrés López and Fernando PortaRecent structural reforms in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico have set up entirely new conditions for competition. The biggest changes are those affecting trade and industrial policy and the system of public-private production relations. In this new environment, manufacturing firms receive less protection and less State assistance and have less leeway in which to devise price differentiation strategies for the domestic market.
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Productivity, growth and industrial exports in Brazil
Author: Regis BonelliBecause productivity is a determinant of comparative advantages over the medium and long terms, the relationship between productivity, industrial growth and exports of manufactures is coming under increasing scrutiny in studies on development and trade policy. This article analyses that relationship in Brazil, where the rise in industrial productivity has been slowing since the mid-1970s.
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Export processing in the Caribbean: The Jamaican experience
Author: Larry WillmoreExport processing, also known as maquila, is a widespread activity in Mexico and Central America and is becoming increasingly important to economies in the Caribbean. Countries of the subregion have successfully attracted both foreign and domestic investment in offshore data processing and in the assembly and manufacture of garments, footwear, electrical and electronic equipment, toys and other goods for export. Investors are attracted by low labour costs, freedom from foreign exchange controls and bureaucratic restrictions, and by the promise of exemption from all taxes, including taxes on profits and duties on imports of equipment, raw materials and intermediate goods used in production for export.
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Price elasticity of Central American agricultural exports
Author: Alberto GabrieleThe economies of the Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua) are largely dependent on four major traditional export products: bananas, coffee, cotton and sugar. The share of these products in total Central American exports, which is still close to 50%, only started to decline in the late 1980s. This paper explores the determinants of these four products’ production trends, and the importance of non-price-related economic and social factors and of man-made and natural disruptions is fully acknowledged. However, an attempt is made to use the ECLAC-Mexico database to estimate the supply price elasticities for the four products over the 1960-1990 period, testing simplified linear regression models which include only output prices as the relevant explanatory variables.
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Ecuador: The country’s progress from chronic to moderate inflation
Author: Luis I. Jácome HidalgoA new stabilization programme has been in effect in Ecuador since September 1992. This article examines the nature of this economic policy, briefly compares it with other stabilization efforts made in the country in the 1980s, and evaluates its achievements so far. By the end of 1993 it had been possible to bring inflation down to 32% per year, after five years in which the rate had averaged more than 55%. It has thus been possible to progress from a situation of chronic inflation to one of moderate price rises, but this has been accompanied by a decline in economic activity, in spite of the drop in real interest rates and the use of the exchange rate as a nominal anchor.
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The informal sector and poverty in Latin America
Author: Guillermo RosenbluthInformal economic activities are an important source of jobs in the region. The question as to how this phenomenon should be interpreted and the nature of its im plications are, however, a subject of controversy. Some analysts regard the existence of the inform al economy as a consequence of insufficient economic growth; they contend that it represents a survival strategy and, as such, an involuntary refuge for the poor. Others argue that it is the result of changes in the labour market brought about by government regulation and see it as offering attractive job alternatives that may yield a higher income than many wage-earning positions.
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Regionalization processes: Past crises and current options
Author: Sergio BoisierThe scientific and technological revolution currently under way makes it necessary for us to devise new forms of regions which get away from the old restrictions of size and contiguity: structural complexity is now the crucial factor. The generation of regional structures at the national and supranational level demands flexibility, in view of the rapid changes taking place in the regional environment, the globalization of the economies, and the need for the regions to be shaped in a democratic manner. This article proposes a new classification which draws a distinction between pivotal regions (corresponding to the sm allest units in the current politico-adm inistrative form of division which have a sufficient level of complexity), associative regions (formed as a result of voluntary political union between one or more pivotal regions and one or more adjoining politico-adm inistrative units), and virtual regions (formed as a result of tacit agreements between pivotal regions or associative regions which are not contiguous).
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