- الصفحة الرئيسية
- بلدان
- أفغانستان
أفغانستان
Fuentes de datos e indicadores disponibles para medir los entornos sociales y físicos de la calidad de vida en la vejez en España y México
El envejecimiento demográfico en los países latinoamericanos es un fenómeno que se está desarrollando en el momento actual lo que obliga a considerar sus efectos en diversos ámbitos que atañen a los individuos las familias y las generaciones que las componen las estructuras y las redes sociales que les dan apoyo los recursos económicos y sociales que se disponen para su atención y cuidados las condiciones de vida en general y otras facetas (CEPAL/CELADE 2006; Garay y Montes de Oca 2011). Todos estos dominios se relacionan de forma muy estrecha con la calidad de vida de las personas (Rojo-Pérez Fernández-Mayoralas y Rodríguez-Rodríguez 2015). En estudios previos se ha puesto de manifiesto que algunos aspectos de los dominios social y residencial entre otros conforman lo que las propias personas mayores entienden por calidad de vida (Fernández-Mayoralas y otros 2011). Valorar estos dominios requiere de información que permita medirlos. Por consiguiente el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer qué indicadores se necesitan y qué datos hay disponibles en México y España desde una perspectiva comparada.
Transferencias intergeneracionales por género y efectos económicos del envejecimiento demográfico en México
México está experimentando un acelerado proceso de transición demográfica y se espera una dinámica de envejecimiento permanente que producirá transformaciones socioeconómicas en los patrones de ingreso y gasto en consumo particularmente en los rubros de salud y cuidados. Por tanto es relevante analizar las oportunidades de desarrollo del país en un contexto de envejecimiento poblacional. Los propósitos de este artículo son analizar la contribución real de mujeres y hombres a los ingresos laborales y el consumo agregado por grupos de edad y a partir de la incorporación de la producción y el consumo de trabajo doméstico y de cuidados no remunerado así como
Vida doméstica en parejas del mismo sexo en ciudad de México y el Eje Cafetero colombiano
Este artículo tiene por objeto presentar tres aspectos centrales de la vida doméstica de las parejas del mismo sexo corresidentes: aportes económicos para el sostenimiento del hogar toma de decisiones y distribución de las tareas domésticas. Como fuente de información se utilizaron dos encuestas la primera levantada en Ciudad de México en 2006 y la segunda realizada en 2012 en cuatro ciudades del Eje Cafetero colombiano (Armenia Cartago Manizales y Pereira). En ambos sondeos se preguntó por el emparejamiento corresidente en los últimos cinco años. Los datos señalan que si bien existe una tendencia a la equidad esta se ve permeada por la discusión sobre la feminización de los cuidados de la que no escapan las parejas del mismo sexo.
La estructura de los hogares y el ahorro en méxico: un enfoque de clases latentes
Aun cuando es bien sabido que el tamaño de los hogares y las características de sus integrantes determinan los recursos financieros de los que estos disponen los economistas han abordado el análisis empírico del ingreso y el consumo en México enfocándose casi exclusivamente en la edad del individuo pasando por alto la importancia de la heterogeneidad estructural de los hogares mexicanos. Para incorporar este elemento al estudio econométrico de sus perfiles de ahorro en lugar de partir de tipologías de hogares definidas a priori en este artículo estimamos por medio del análisis de clases latentes las estructuras típicas de los hogares mexicanos contenidas en la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2014. A partir de esta estimación mostramos de qué manera tomar en cuenta las relaciones socioeconómicas de dependencia de los hogares puede contribuir a mejorar la política pública.
Growth and concentration among the leading business groups in Mexico
This article discusses various hypotheses relating to the origin and operation of business groups in Mexico and it proposes a model to explain the sources of their total asset growth. It highlights their growing contribution to Mexican gdp but notes that their shares of employment and profits are smaller. Over time sales and assets have clearly tended to become more concentrated in the largest groups. The paper concludes that the main financing sources for asset growth between 2005 and 2007 were firstly debt and secondly capital contributions from shareholders. It also finds that the leading groups invest discretely over time and tend to “overinvest” to block the entry of other competitors.
The monetary pendulum in Mexico
First World priorities and the need for nations to coexist in harmony have given rise in each period to a set of rules constituting the international economic order. This is a shifting order in which national goals move alternatively towards and away from those of an international nature. The objective of the gold standard was to uphold monetary convertibility if necessary at the expense of national objectives. By contrast the Bretton Woods system inverted the terms of the equation by making governments responsible for employment and growth. The monetary pendulum is now swinging back again from nationalism to cosmopolitanism. In the case of Mexico owing to failures of adaptation this latest shift has translated into an all-out struggle against inflation that has brought the country to a state of chronic near-stagnation leaving it trailing in the rear of the world development process.
The economic returns to education in Mexico: A comparison between urban and rural areas
This study uses the Mincer equation to calculate the private economic returns to education in urban and rural areas of Mexico in the 1994-2005 period. The findings indicate that investing in education is profitable in both types of area. Returns to education were found to be greater in the countryside than in cities in most of the years analysed and at every level of education. Education in rural areas tends to be more profitable for women at the basic education levels and for men at the higher levels. In urban areas education proved to be more profitable for men at the primary and higher levels and in some years for women at the lower and upper secondary levels.
Employment Challenges and Policy Responses in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico
In this paper we argue that Argentina Brazil and Mexico must focus economic and social policies on creating employment if they want to provide decent work (i.e. formal jobs with social security coverage). During the 1990s financial and trade liberalization and the associated laissez-faire policies did not deliver in terms of growth or employment in the countries under consideration. We assess the macroeconomic trade investment and labour-market policies of the countries during 1990-2004 and then propose a series of recommendations that give employment growth the priority it deserves.
Mexico: The plan and the current situation
Two disequilibria are intertwined in the Mexican economy: incomplete modernization of institutions and production and external imbalances that have made the country unable to service its external debt. In a context of liberalization this combination has been conducive to sharp depredations as evidenced by recent events. The success of the adjustment exercise will depend on the progress of the retooling and expansion of production. This article analyses the main objectives of the National Development Plan for 1995-2000 and the policies that have been implemented to realize them and shows that the current situation is a patchwork of progress and setbacks.
Restructuring of production and territorial change: A second industrialization hub in Northern Mexico
This article takes the view that the restructuring of industry in Mexico is taking place in two different territorial environments which to some extent have independent development paths: on the one hand there is the territorial environment shaped in accordance with the logic of northern border industrialization while on the other hand there is the territorial environment of the industries set up during the import substitution industrialization phase concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Central Mexico. In the authors’ opinion these arc parallel but different industrialization paths with different processes and forms of social organization of production in their territories: consequently in order to understand the true significance of the restructuring of production it is necessary to study the logic of the industrial sectors and that of the territory simultaneously since the course of events with regard to industrial restructuring is strongly affected by regional and local dynamics.
Industrial growth and consumer goods inflation in Mexico: An econometric analysis
This paper employs a vector error correction methodology to investigate the long-term determinants of consumer goods inflation and industrial growth in Mexico during the 20012016 period. This is underpinned by a aggregate demand-aggregate supply model that brings new explanatory variables into play and keeps a priori restrictions on the data to a minimum. The evidence shows that cost-push and demand-pull inflation are both present and reveals the variables at work in each case. This study fills a gap in the empirical literature by showing that labour productivity not only spurs industrial growth but also lowers consumer goods inflation in the long run. The policy implication of this finding is important given the need to attain faster economic growth without sacrificing price stability.
Between political control and efficiency gains: The evolution of agrarian property rights In Mexico
As a product of the Mexican revolution the ejido was originally organized as an institution with the multiple aims of achieving political control over the peasantry representing peasants in their relations with the State and assisting production by smallholders. These multiple objectives which were initially consistent and supported a successful phase of growth and improved welfare became increasingly contradictory precipitating a major crisis in both production and rural welfare.
Financial openness: The experience of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico
This article seeks to analyse the effects of globalization on the financial systems of Argentina Brazil and Mexico which were the countries that received most of the foreign investment in the region in the 1990s. This capital was mostly made up of portfolio flows and investments in shares traded on the local financial systems. The movement was not homogeneous in all the countries because of their different degrees of openness and differences in macroeconomic policies. In the case of the portfolio investments the effects of the openness were concentrated in different segments and they therefore had different impacts on the financial systems in question. The recent experience of these countries shows that there is still some room for national economic policies to take action in the context of financial globalization even though their capacity to reduce the perverse effects of financial flows is limited. Foreign firms are observed to be assuming growing importance in the countries studied as a function of the degree of openness of the local financial systems. This tendency is due to the liberalization measures adopted in order to make possible capitalization of the banking systems and competition among banks to find new sources of profits and strengthen their position in globalized markets. Although the predominance of foreign companies has given a more solid capital base to the national banking systems it could have an adverse macro- economic impact especially in Mexico and Brazil which still maintain relatively independent monetary policies.
Mexico’s slow-growth paradox
This paper analyzes the problem of slow economic growth In Mexico. It decomposes the growth of output from the demand side and reveals the critical rote played by the sluggish performance of investment. Using econometric tools it argues that this sluggishness can be explained in part by the peso’s appreciation during disinflation and its adverse impact on investment profitability. Finally it shows that the problem has been complicated by a long-run decline in the GDP/capital ratio.
National private groups in Mexico, 1987-1993
In the author’s view an important result of the economic reforms begun in Mexico in 1983 especially in the period after 1987 is that national private groups have assumed a leading place in the new economic model. These are not only traditional groups which were restructured in the course of those reforms but also new groups which were formed or developed in that period and which have come to have decisive weight in the national economy.
Restructuring in manufacturing: Case studies of Chile, Mexico and Venezuela
The economies of Latin America have undergone important transformations during the past years. Yet while there have been many studies on the macroeconomic changes that have taken place in Latin America studies on the microeconomic changes are relatively scarce. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that leads to a better understanding of how firms respond to new circumstances. The research on Latin American manufacturing firms presented here shows that the new state of the economic environment has led to a substantial change in firms’ behaviour. Innovative firms have adopted flexible forms of behaviour and are upgrading their production and marketing capabilities and they have introduced significant changes in terms of vertical integration input procurement technological innovation incentive pay systems and management techniques training subcontracting distribution and retailing. At least for the most innovative consumer goods manufacturing firms their core activities have shifted from being mainly concerned with production to combining the manufacture of goods with their distribution and often also the distribution of other domestic and imported goods as well. This provides them with a better chance of simultaneously increasing their profits and defending their market share. Finally the investigation also showed that uncertainty surrounding economic policy leads to a substantial decrease in investment by firms. Such uncertainty explains why more firms do not change or why they do not change faster. It has a twofold negative effect on entrepreneurs’ decisions to modernize their firms: they are uncertain about what they should do as well as about the sustainability of the economic policy. There is therefore an important role for policies that redound in programmes that seek to encourage firms to upgrade. At the same time it must be stressed that the most important role for policy is that of creating a stable economic environment in which firms can plan long-term investment.
Transnational corporations and structural changes in industry In Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico
The central focus of this article is on the role played by transnational corporations in the industrial realignment of Argentina Brazil Chile and Mexico between the end of the import substitution stage and the early 1990s. Based on recently published studies dealing with the sweeping changes occurring in Latin America’s manufacturing sector following the region’s economic crisis and liberalization process a computer programme developed by the ECLAC Division of Production Productivity and Management has been used to examine the changes that have taken place in the sector’s production structure (sectoral composition and efficiency) and its linkages with the global economy.
The United States to the rescue: Financial assistance to Mexico in 1982 and 1995
This article analyses the financial rescue measures taken by the United States in the Mexican payments crises of August 1982 and January 1995. On both occasions Mexico was on the brink of suspending payments on its external debt and both times this was avoided thanks to rescue measures. The implications of the two financial rescue programmes were very different however. The measures taken in August 1982 were followed by a period of many years in which Mexico was practically excluded from private loan markets. In contrast the 1995 rescue programme was quickly followed by renewed access by Mexico to private capital markets.
Mexico: Total productivity changes at the principal container ports
Port performance is commonly measured using partial productivity indicators obtained by relating an output to an input. To ascertain the overall productivity of a port however it is more helpful to employ the concept of total productivity which considers all the inputs employed to obtain the totality of outputs. This factor has been measured using the Malmquist index which gives the change in total factor productivity (TFP). The present study uses this index to determine the change in the TFP of the principal container ports in Mexico. According to the results obtained productivity gains were greater at medium-sized terminals such as Progreso and Ensenada than at hubs such as Veracruz and Altamira even though the latter are more efficient.
Social precarity in Mexico and Argentina: Trends, manifestations and national trajectories
From a multidimensional and dynamic approach this article focuses on the linkages between labour unemployment poverty and inequality examining the forms which social precarity has adopted in Mexico and Argentina in the new economic environment. It contends that the weakening of employment-based integration mechanisms marked inequalities in access to opportunities and increasingly rigid social structures are evidence of strong exclusionary trends which exhibit specific characteristics in each country. After analysing national trajectories and the levels of integration achieved under the importsubstitution industrialization model the article examines the deterioration of working and living conditions witnessed over the last few decades. It concludes with a discussion of some of the dilemmas and challenges which the transition towards more equitable socially supportive and inclusive societies poses in terms of research and public policy.