Brazil
Los bancos de desarrollo en la “era de la liberalización financier”: El caso del BNDES en Brasil
En este artículo se examinan las posibles repercusiones de la política de liberalización financiera en el papel de los bancos de desarrollo y en particular del Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social (bndes) como principal financiador del proceso de desarrollo económico brasileño. Se argumenta que si bien la liberalización puede promover el desenvolvimiento financiero este tiende a ocurrir de manera “incompleta” sobre todo ante las necesidades de progreso económico en los países menos desarrollados entre ellos Brasil. El análisis del caso brasileño parece confirmar esta tesis y demuestra que a pesar de la política de liberalización financiera aplicada el bndes no solo preservó sino que amplió su posición relativa en el mercado local durante el período analizado (1990-2006).
Integración regional y diversificación de exportaciones en el Mercosur: El caso de Argentina y Brasil
Se analizan los efectos del comercio argentino con sus socios del Mercosur en dos períodos clave: antes (1997-1998) y después (2005-2006) de las crisis de sus economías. Para examinar la repercusión del comercio en la regionalización de las exportaciones e importaciones de los países miembros se utilizó el índice de orientación regional empleado por Yeats al estudiar estos países para otro período. Se concluye que los resultados alcanzados por Yeats se contradicen con la realidad posterior de Argentina y Brasil a los que el Mercosur permitió mediante procesos de aprendizaje aumentar el comercio con países exteriores al bloque. Este efecto positivo se sintió principalmente en Brasil y no tanto en los demás miembros especialmente Uruguay y Paraguay debido a las asimetrías subyacentes entre las economías de estos países que determinaron que el país más grande sea el principal beneficiado de la integración hasta el presente.
¿Hay despoblación en el Brasil? Relaciones entre crecimiento demográfico, envejecimiento, migración e integración competitiva
La Amazonia Legal y el Cerrado en el contexto de la migración interna en el Brasil en el período 1995-2010
Acceso a la salud sexual y reproductiva y fecundidad de las jóvenes en el Brasil: desigualdades territoriales
Epicentros de emigración: un análisis comparativo de la evolución de sus dinámicas socioeconómicas y demográficas en Colombia y el Brasil
América Latina y el Caribe es una región de origen destino y tránsito de gran dinamismo para la migración internacional. Según la última ronda censal el patrón migratorio de la región presenta algunas continuidades así como cambios en el volumen y la dirección de los flujos y en la composición y características de la población migrante sobre la cual poco sabemos. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de la evolución de las dinámicas socioeconómica y demográfica de la migración internacional en el Eje Cafetero (Colombia) y la microrregión de Governador Valadares (Brasil) los principales centros de emigración de estos países. Se emplea un enfoque cuantitativo que incluye el análisis de los datos censales de emigración internacional de ambos países que han sido poco explorados en la literatura y además se cualifica la complejidad de los procesos migratorios a escala nacional y regional. Los resultados indican que los flujos han variado en sintonía con las dinámicas sociales económicas y políticas regionales nacionales e internacionales.
Public-debt management: The Brazilian experience
This paper analyses public-debt management in Brazil and considers the main recent theoretical models and the possible effect that the strategy adopted by the Treasury from 1999 onwards could have on the base interest rate. The findings show that the public-debt-management strategy adopted by Brazil was based on the recommendations of Calvo and Guidotti (1990). The average maturity of public debt the proportion of shares linked to the Special System of Clearance and Custody (SELIC) and the public-debt-to-GDP ratio all play a significant role in determining the base interest rate. Government efforts to restructure public-debt maturities and reduce the negative effect on the interest rate are key in this regard.
The influence of capital origin on Brazilian foreign trade patterns
This article aims to determine whether the geographical pattern of the external trade of foreign-owned enterprises in Brazil differs from that of domestic enterprises and whether in the case of foreign enterprises the region of origin of their capital is an important factor in determining that pattern both in terms of the origin and destination of their imports and exports and with regard to the technological content of the pattern. The methodology employed was panel analysis applied to a representative set of enterprises using trade data broken down by region for 1989 1997 and 2000.
Brazilian fiscal institutions: The Cardoso reforms, 1995-2002
This paper looks at Brazil’s fiscal policy during the two administrations of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso: 1995-1998 and 1998-2002. It stresses that the authorities’ austere attitude was as important as institutional and structural reform for the fiscal adjustment that followed the 1998-1999 crisis. The principal cause of the fiscal deterioration in 1995-1998 was the reduction in the primary balance rather than the increase in the interest burden while the fiscal adjustment in 1999-2002 was largely due to increased revenues as primary public expenditure by the federal government continued to grow in real terms. We consider the outlook for fiscal sustainability and conclude that to preserve the country’s hard-won fiscal discipline the austere fiscal attitude shown recently by the authorities should be permanently embedded into fiscal institutions.
Employment Challenges and Policy Responses in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico
In this paper we argue that Argentina Brazil and Mexico must focus economic and social policies on creating employment if they want to provide decent work (i.e. formal jobs with social security coverage). During the 1990s financial and trade liberalization and the associated laissez-faire policies did not deliver in terms of growth or employment in the countries under consideration. We assess the macroeconomic trade investment and labour-market policies of the countries during 1990-2004 and then propose a series of recommendations that give employment growth the priority it deserves.
Determinants of technological innovation in Argentina and Brazil
This article analyses and compares the determinants of innovation in Argentina and Brazil countries that have based their industrialization strategies on import substitution. Probit regressions in which instrumental variables are used to check for problems of endogeneity of exports reveal that in both countries knowledge external to firms helps to promote innovation that internal research and development capacity is relatively weak and that external trade integration has a positive effect on firms’ propensity to innovate (more so in Brazil than in Argentina). The results of this study suggest in general that there has been modest progress in the pattern of innovation among Argentine and Brazilian firms in recent years compared with the import substitution period.
La mobilité internationale des étudiants au Bresil
The financial protection impact of the public health system and private insurance in Brazil
This research assesses the effectiveness of the Brazilian public health system and of private insurance in Brazil in providing financial protection in health care. The determinants of catastrophic health expenditures are estimated by probit regressions with Heckman selection adjustment controlling for health-care need. Findings show that the public system provides a significant reduction (47%) in the probability of a household having catastrophic health expenditures and that private insurance makes such expenditures more likely by 36%. Recommendations include improvements in the quantity accessibility quality and reliability of public providers more appropriate provision of drugs by the public system and tighter regulation of private insurance.
The political economy of the developmentalist State in Brazil
The study of the political economy of the crisis of the State and its role in the trajectory of Latin American development is an urgent political task which could also contribute to the historical and theoretical debate about industrial development in late evolving capitalist economies.
The ecopolitics of development in Brazil
How a collectivity deals with nature discloses as much about its internal social relations as the other way around. The present inquiry is a prologue to more detailed study of ecopolitics to the study of the political philosophy of relations between human beings and nature exploring the feasibility of integrating the knowledge of the social and of the natural sciences on the interchange between human activities and the cycles of nature. It is also an introduction to the study of a specific type of public policies those that address issues of resource use and conservation and the quality of life especially in the so-called developing countries.
A pragmatic approach to State intervention: The brazilian case
This article examiaes State intervention in the Brazilian economy in an attempt to elucidate why the State ceased to play a decisive part in the country’s development. The primary explanation lies in the cyclical nature of State intervention. In the beginning intervention tended to be very successful especially when the country was launching its industrialization phase. Gradually however the distortions inherent in intervention without some form of market control began to accumulate leading the State into fiscal crisis. The current neoliberal wave and its success in advocating privatizations can be understood in these terms.
The restructuring of the Brazilian industrial groups between 1980 and 1993
This article analyses the strategies applied by the Brazilian industrial groups during the period 1980-1993: that is to say before the Real Plan was put into effect. After some introductory comments regarding the debate on economic groups hypotheses are presented on the evolution of the Brazilian industrial groups in the 1980s and early 1990s; the main elements in the Brazilian economy which conditioned the restructuring strategies of the groups arc identified and these strategies are categorized on the basis of this analysis and of the hypotheses put forward in the introductory section.
Tariffs and the Plano Real In Brazil
This article analyses the economic rationale of Brazil’s tariff policy during the first two years of the Plano Real. To this end a study is made of the changes made in import duties for all the products traded. The tariff reform process in Brazil was begun in 1988 after the old Tariff Act had been in effect for thirty years and represented a marked intensification in the process of trade openness with the definition of a schedule of gradually decreasing tariffs which was further speeded up as from 1990.
Economic growth and financial development in Brazil: A flexible regression model approach
This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and financial development in Brazil. To this end a data panel is constructed of all the Brazilian states for the period 1995–2014 with appropriate control variables and proxies for economic growth and financial development. The relationship is analysed for five different indicators of financial development with a view to capturing its different aspects. Flexible regression modelling determines the direction of this relationship characterizing it as linear or non-linear for each financial development indicator. It is concluded that the relationship between financial development and economic growth is positive and non-linear.
Youth in Brazil: old assumptions and new approaches
The author examines the situation of young people within the framework of the deep changes that have occurred in Brazil in recent decades. There are three aspects that interest her most. First she addresses employment and in this context the evolution of employment and wages and the effect the crisis has on them. In this regard the most outstanding observation is that the urban economically active population has become younger since the 1970s as a result of the increased rate of young people’s participation contrary to conventional assumptions that modernization will have the opposite effect. Second she examines education and stresses that educational levels in Brazil are lagging well behind the observed economic progress. In fact the proportion of young people with no instruction or only a few years of schooling is very large particularly in rural or relatively less-developed areas such as the North-East. Finally she deals with the family which has been greatly affected by changes in other spheres of society and with young people’s relations with their families which has given rise to a complex interplay of solidarity and conflict.