Brazil
Rural employment trends in Brazil: an analysis using dynamic panel models
This article considers certain dimensions of the quality of employment in Brazil, particularly in rural zones. It starts from the perception of changes in rural production relations and the repercussions these have on employment practices. A panel data methodology is applied to capture the determinants of job quality, and a quality of employment index is proposed. Rural employment is more precarious than its urban counterpart, although the differences have been diminishing over time. In the agriculture sector, the economic growth of the 2000 decade merely resulted in the existing conditions of employment being extended to new contracts, without any change in average quality. Rising labour income and education levels are important not only for enhancing the quality of employment but also as a strategy for overcoming problems such as heterogeneity between groups.
The economy of the North-East region of Brazil based on the 2011 regional input-output matrix
This paper seeks to determine the leading sectors of the economy of the North-East region of Brazil based on input-output matrix methodology and the economic structure of 2011. For that purpose, the regional input-output matrix was updated from 2004 to 2011 and, subsequently, the Rasmussen-Hirschman linkage indices, field of influence and pure linkage indices were calculated, along with the type I and II multipliers of production, employment and income. The results confirm the importance of the textile and chemical sectors, along with those related to the oil industry, and show that the production of intermediate goods is one of the characteristics of the North-East region’s economy.
Reglas de política monetaria y fiscal en el Brasil: evidencia empírica de dominancia monetaria y dominancia fiscal
A partir de la hipótesis de que las reglas de política monetaria y fiscal en el Brasil pueden haber estado sujetas a diferentes regímenes, en este estudio se utiliza el modelo de Leeper (1991 y 2005) para establecer la cronología de las reglas de política en cuanto a su carácter activo o pasivo. Las reglas de política se estiman mediante el modelo de cambio de Markov, con una base de datos mensuales de noviembre de 2002 a diciembre de 2015, en que los regímenes se generan de manera endógena. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que hubo dominancia fiscal en 2010 y entre 2013 y 2014. La dominancia monetaria se produjo en gran parte de 2003 y en el período de 2005 a 2007. El modelo también trata de explicar por qué la tasa de inflación se mantuvo al alza en 2015, a pesar de que el Banco Central del Brasil puso en práctica una política monetaria activa.
Tax exemption in Brazil in 2009: why vehicles and not agriculture? An interregional general equilibrium analysis
Tax exemption has been used systematically in Brazil to stimulate the economy. In 2009, in an attempt to stem the economic slowdown, the Brazilian government adopted a countercyclical economic policy that included lowering taxes on vehicle prices. Why was this sector chosen rather than another? This article seeks to analyse the effects of this policy on the Brazilian economy in 2009, using as a counterfactual a tax exemption policy targeted on the agriculture sector. Based on an interregional computable general equilibrium model (TERM-BR), the two policies are simulated and compared. The results show that lowering taxes on agricultural products can be considered superior to an equivalent tax reduction for vehicles, in terms of the effects on employment, income, household consumption, GDP and, especially, the distribution of economic activity across the regions of Brazil and the income distribution.
Exención tributaria en el Brasil en 2009: ¿por qué los vehículos y no el sector agropecuario? Un análisis del equilibrio general interregional
La exención tributaria se ha utilizado sistemáticamente en el Brasil para estimular la economía. En 2009, en un intento por contener la desaceleración económica, el Gobierno brasileño adoptó una política económica anticíclica, en la que se destacó la exención tributaria a los precios de los vehículos. ¿Por qué se escogió ese sector y no otro? Este artículo busca analizar los efectos de esa política sobre la economía brasileña en 2009, comparándola con una política de exención tributaria focalizada en el sector agropecuario. Sobre la base de un modelo de equilibrio general computable interregional (TERM-BR), se simulan y comparan las dos políticas de exenciones. Los resultados muestran que la reducción de tributos a los productos agropecuarios puede considerarse superior a la de los vehículos desde el punto de vista de sus efectos sobre el empleo, los ingresos, el consumo de las familias, el PIB y, especialmente, la distribución regional de la actividad económica y la distribución de los ingresos.
Fiscal and monetary policy rules in Brazil: empirical evidence of monetary and fiscal dominance
Based on the hypothesis that the rules of monetary and fiscal policy in Brazil may have been subject to different regimes, the present study applies the Leeper model (1991 and 2005) to identify the chronology of policy regimes in terms of their active and passive character. The policy rules are estimated using the Markov-switching model, with a monthly database from November 2002 to December 2015, in which the regimes are endogenously determined. The results obtained indicate that fiscal dominance occurred in 2010 and between 2013 and 2014, while monetary dominance marked much of 2003 and the period 2005–2007. The model also seeks to explain why the inflation rate continued to rise during 2015 even though Central Bank of Brazil took an active monetary policy stance that year.
Las trayectorias de crecimiento de la Argentina, el Brasil, Chile y México: una visión comparativa a través de la lente del espacio marco ( framework space)
En este artículo se analizan las diferentes trayectorias de crecimiento de cuatro economías latinoamericanas, a saber, la Argentina, el Brasil, Chile y México, comparando la fase de estrategias de crecimiento por sustitución de importaciones con el período más reciente de integración financiera en la economía mundial. La hipótesis de trabajo es que las diferentes trayectorias de crecimiento son el resultado de los vínculos entre las condiciones macroeconómicas y los cambios en las estructuras de producción. Se realiza un análisis basado en una herramienta metodológica que compara las estrategias de crecimiento con los modelos canónicos, la metodología del framework space (un espacio marco donde se representan sus “predicciones”), que sirve para comparar fases de crecimiento descritas como una combinación cambiante del dinámico perfil del crecimiento de la productividad (una condición del lado de la oferta) con el comportamiento de la acumulación de capital (una condición del lado de la demanda).
Flujos de inversión extranjera directa: un análisis de los casos de la Argentina, el Brasil, Chile y México basado en el índice Grubel-Lloyd
En este artículo se evalúa la importancia del índice Grubel-Lloyd como herramienta para revelar las tendencias de la inversión extranjera directa (IED). El índice se desarrolló para avanzar en el estudio de una cuestión fundamental en la economía política internacional: cómo la IED afecta a las economías individuales o regionales, y se convierte en un indicador marco general del comportamiento regional. El índice se aplica a las cuatro mayores economías de América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México) en el período 1995-2016, a fin de demostrar la importancia de la IED para la región. Sin embargo, el “comportamiento” de la IED puede ser diferente en cada país. Se analizan las características de cada uno de estos países que difieren de las encontradas con el mismo indicador en un bloque formado por los países desarrollados más China, para el que el índice calculado es más alto y varía poco durante el período analizado.
La dinámica del empleo rural en el Brasil: un análisis mediante modelos de panel dinámico
En este artículo se abordan algunos aspectos de la calidad del empleo en el Brasil, en particular el empleo rural. Se parte de la percepción de cambios en las relaciones de producción en el campo y sus repercusiones en las relaciones de trabajo. Se aplica una metodología de datos de panel que capta los condicionantes de esta calidad y se propone un índice de calidad del empleo. El universo rural constituye un ambiente más precario que el urbano, aunque las diferencias estén disminuyendo con el tiempo. Respecto del empleo agrícola, el crecimiento económico de la década de 2000 se traduce solo en la extensión de las condiciones existentes a los nuevos contratos, sin modificar la calidad media del empleo. El aumento de los ingresos del trabajo y el nivel de educación son instrumentos importantes para aumentar los niveles de calidad del empleo y superar problemas como la heterogeneidad entre grupos.
La economía de la región Nordeste del Brasil a la luz de la matriz de insumo-producto regional de 2011
En este trabajo se busca determinar los sectores protagonistas de la economía de la región Nordeste del Brasil a la luz de la metodología de la matriz de insumo-producto, sobre la base de la estructura económica de 2011. Para ello, se actualizó la matriz de insumo-producto regional de 2004 a 2011 y, posteriormente, se calcularon los índices de encadenamiento de Rasmussen-Hirschman, el campo de influencia y los índices puros de encadenamiento, así como los multiplicadores de producción, empleo e ingreso, de tipos I y II. Los resultados ratifican la importancia de los sectores textil, de productos químicos y aquellos vinculados a la industria del petróleo e indican la producción de bienes intermedios como una de las características de la economía del Nordeste.
Brazil: The effects of COVID-19 and recovery
This article analyses the effects of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Brazil’s population and economy, including its high mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants and its slow stabilization. A brief comparison is made with what is happening in a similar Latin American country, Argentina, where the results in terms of mortality per 100,000 inhabitants have been better, and in France, where the recovery has been more robust. The article also assesses the efficiency of expenditures and notes that the comparison is also not favourable for Brazil. Lastly, it addresses the problem of financing and argues that only Argentina resorted to treasury bond purchases by the central bank, the policy adopted in most rich countries that have their own currency and central bank (which France does not have).
The ECLA-BNDE Economic Development Centre and the training of a generation of development planners in Brazil
This paper aims to reconstruct the history of the partnership between the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and Brazil’s National Bank for Economic Development (BNDE). The ECLA/BNDE Economic Development Centre, which operated in Rio de Janeiro between 1960 and 1967, held courses on Problems of Economic Development in several regions of the country, training a generation of development planning specialists who worked to overcome underdevelopment. The Centre also functioned as a gateway to ECLA ideas and writings in Brazil and as a locus of knowledge production in the area of economic development. It thus impacted both the governmental sphere and the academic world, providing an alternative to predominantly neoclassical economics courses. Drawing on a combination of documents, newspaper articles and the testimony of former members of the Centre, this article describes its activities and retraces the events leading to its creation, expansion and closure.
El Centro de Desarrollo Económico CEPAL/BNDE y la formación de una generación de planificadores del desarrollo en el Brasil
En este trabajo se intenta reconstruir la historia de la asociación entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL) y el Banco Nacional para el Desarrollo Económico (BNDE) del Brasil. El centro de desarrollo económico CEPAL/BNDE, que funcionó en Río de Janeiro entre 1960 y 1967, impartió cursos sobre los problemas del desarrollo económico en varias regiones del país, en los que capacitó a una generación de especialistas en planificación económica que trabajaron para superar el subdesarrollo. El centro también funcionó como un portal de acceso a las ideas de la CEPAL en el Brasil y como un polo de producción de conocimiento en el ámbito del desarrollo económico. Sobre la base de una combinación de documentos, artículos de prensa y el testimonio de exmiembros del centro, en este artículo se describen las actividades de la organización y se repasan los hechos que llevaron a su creación, expansión y cierre.
The effects of oil royalties on regional inequality in Brazil
This article evaluates the impact of oil royalties on Brazil’s production structure and their effects on regional inequality. An interregional input-output model was used, encompassing the 27 Brazilian states and 26 sectors, with base year 2008. The simulation strategy assumed 75% of these funds are channelled into education and 25% into the health sector, as mandated by Law 12.858/2013. To measure the effect of royalties on regional inequality, the Gini coefficient was calculated both ex-ante and ex-post with respect to the impact analysis. The main findings indicate that interregional and intersectoral spillovers are weak; but, in the Southeast and Northeast regions, the investment of royalties in education and health could help reduce intraregional inequality.
Efectos de las regalías petroleras en la desigualdad regional en el Brasil
En este trabajo se evalúan los efectos de las regalías petroleras en la estructura productiva brasileña y sus repercusiones en la desigualdad regional. Para ello, se utilizó un modelo interregional de insumo-producto, con año base 2008, constituido por los 27 estados brasileños y 26 sectores. En la estrategia de simulación se consideró la asignación del 75% de esos recursos a la educación y el 25% a la salud, según lo dispuesto por la Ley 12.858/2013. Para medir el efecto de las regalías en la desigualdad regional, se calculó el coeficiente de Gini ex ante y ex post al análisis de impacto. Los principales resultados indican que los efectos indirectos interregionales e intersectoriales son escasos. Por otra parte, en las regiones Sudeste y Nordeste, la aplicación de las regalías en la educación y la salud podría contribuir a la reducción de la desigualdad intrarregional.
Factores asociados con el desempeño de las actividades de cuidado en el Brasil: análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Continua (PNAD Continua) de 2019
El presente artículo analiza los factores asociados al cuidado en el Brasil a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares Continua del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística de 2019. A través de modelos de regresión logística, se estiman las tasas de cuidado en función de diversas características económicas, demográficas y de composición de los hogares. Entre los resultados, cabe destacar que las mujeres continúan siendo las principales responsables de las actividades de cuidado en el Brasil; en concreto, las mujeres de 25 a 49 años concentran la mayor parte de la oferta de cuidados. A mayor nivel de ingresos medios por hogar, menor es la razón de posibilidades (odds ratio) de desempeñar actividades de cuidado. Si bien la presencia de un marido y otros parientes en el hogar incrementa las probabilidades de desarrollar actividades de cuidado, la presencia de niños o niñas menores de 7 años está profundamente relacionada con dichas actividades.
Estimación de la tasa global de fecundidad del Brasil en 2010: análisis de los resultados del método P/F de Brass
Entender los patrones emergentes de baja fecundidad en los países de renta media es de una importancia esencial. Demostramos que el uso de la corrección de paridez de Brass en el Brasil para ajustar la tasa global de fecundidad (TGF) al subregistro de nacimientos en el censo demográfico de 2010 puede resultar en una sobreestimación de esa tasa en el país ya que hay ciertas condiciones del método que no se cumplen. Comparamos esta estimación con otros métodos y llegamos a la conclusión de que la TGF durante el período de referencia del censo es de aproximadamente 1,78, considerablemente inferior al 1,90 informado oficialmente mediante dicho método. Ante la transición de los países de renta media hacia niveles de fecundidad bajos, se recomienda evaluar cuidadosamente los métodos utilizados tradicionalmente para calcular la TGF a partir de censos y encuestas.
Effects of the Continuous Benefit Programme on the nutritional status and food security of older persons in Brazil
Addressing the needs of older persons poses public-policy challenges. The obstacles that the poorest older persons face in securing their livelihoods, compounded by physiological and metabolic changes and the presence of chronic diseases, make them more vulnerable. This study evaluates the impact of the Continuous Benefit Programme (BPC) on the nutritional status and food security levels of older persons in Brazil, using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design with microdata drawn from the 2017–2018 Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF). On average, participation in the programme is found to increase the probability that an older person will be food-secure, and to reduce his/her chances of suffering mild food insecurity. Although the objective of the programme is to reduce poverty, these findings can support the formulation of public policies that promote the quality of life of older persons, by acting on purchasing power, health and nutrition.
Efectos del programa Beneficio de Prestación Continuada (BPC) en el estado nutricional y la seguridad alimentaria de las personas mayores en el Brasil
La atención de la población mayor plantea desafíos para las políticas públicas. Los obstáculos a su sustento, los cambios fisiológicos y metabólicos y las enfermedades crónicas incrementan la vulnerabilidad de las personas mayores más pobres. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en evaluar el impacto del programa Beneficio de Prestación Continuada (BPC) en el estado nutricional y los niveles de seguridad alimentaria de las personas mayores en el Brasil. Se utilizó la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) 2017-2018 y el diseño de regresión discontinua borrosa. En promedio, el programa aumenta la probabilidad de que las personas mayores gocen de seguridad alimentaria. También reduce la probabilidad de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria leve. Aunque el objetivo del programa es reducir la pobreza, estos resultados pueden ayudar en la formulación de políticas públicas que promuevan la calidad de vida de las personas mayores, al actuar sobre el poder adquisitivo, la salud y la nutrición.
Effects of higher commodity prices on exports of manufactures: the case of Brazil
This study seeks to determine whether the increased earnings of Brazil’s trading partners that benefited from the boom in commodity prices during the 2000s spurred Brazilian exports of manufactures to those countries. It begins with the hypothesis that there is a positive link between Brazil’s exports of manufactured goods and the increased revenues of its trading partners derived from the robust performance of their exports of natural resources. A two-stage hierarchical statistical model based on a panel data structure is used to estimate a crosss-section data model. To our knowledge, this strategy has not been used before to study the behaviour of Brazilian manufactured exports during the economic boom of the 2000s fuelled by the commodity supercycle.
Inequalities and participation in the digital society: online experiences among children and adolescents in Brazil and Chile
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Global Kids Online research network data from Brazil and Chile in 2016 relating to children’s digital access, uses and skills. Results show that high-frequency users tend to be from higher socioeconomic groups. Girls and higher-income children perceive higher levels of risk on the Internet. The most common areas of use are related to learning and social life. The type of guidance that children receive matters: active mediation strategies at home and school are vital for increasing children’s digital opportunities, while restrictive mediation tends to reduce them. Also, parental mediation appears to be unequally distributed, showing differences by age, gender and socioeconomic group. These results contribute to discussions on promoting digital opportunities and reducing risks.
Quilombos, hotbeds of Afro-Brazilian resistance
Created by enslaved people fleeing forced labour or by black communities after the abolition of slavery, quilombos remain spaces of memory and resistance. But many are now threatened by real estate projects.
Transiciones del curso de vida y migración interna en el Brasil: un análisis basado en datos de múltiples períodos
Este trabajo tiene por objeto investigar la relación entre las transiciones del curso de vida y los patrones de edad de la migración interna en el Brasil. Analizamos y generamos métricas de cohortes sintéticas para las transiciones del curso de vida sobre la base de datos transversales provenientes de los censos demográficos del Brasil correspondientes a 1991, 2000 y 2010. Utilizamos el modelo Rogers-Castro para evaluar los patrones de edad referidos a la migración. Los resultados dan indicios de una estrecha asociación entre la migración y las transiciones del curso de vida, en particular en lo referido al momento de la primera unión. Además, los resultados indican que la distancia entre las zonas de origen y de destino de los migrantes es una variable explicativa importante. Demostramos que es posible analizar poblaciones de gran tamaño con métricas de cohortes sintéticas extraídas de los datos de varios períodos.
Pass-through of exchange rate shocks in Brazil as a small open economy
An econometric model is used to analyse pass-through from the exchange rate to inflation, considering the monetary policy instrument variable, the target variable, the level of economic activity, the level of credit and the exchange rate. This system is exogenously affected by commodity prices, the level of external sector activity and the uncertainty perceived by international investors. Using vector error correction models, we find greater pass-through to administered prices than to free prices and a marked asymmetry characterized by stronger exchange rate pass-through when the domestic currency appreciates (deflationary effect) than when it depreciates (inflationary effect). Moreover, we note that the asymmetry in pass-through to domestic prices is due to the behaviour of free prices, since asymmetry in administered prices is not very significant.
Traspaso de los choques del tipo de cambio en el Brasil como pequeña economía abierta
Se analiza, mediante un modelo econométrico, el traspaso del tipo de cambio a la inflación, considerando la variable instrumento de la política monetaria, la variable objetivo, el nivel de actividad económica, el nivel de crédito y el tipo de cambio. Este sistema se ve afectado exógenamente por los precios de los productos básicos, el nivel de actividad del sector externo y la incertidumbre percibida por los inversionistas internacionales. Utilizando modelos vectoriales de corrección de errores, observamos un mayor traspaso a los precios administrados que a los precios libres y una marcada asimetría en el traspaso cambiario caracterizada por un traspaso más intenso cuando la moneda nacional se aprecia (efecto deflacionario) que cuando se deprecia (efecto inflacionario). Además, destacamos que la asimetría en el traspaso a los precios internos se debe a la asimetría en los precios libres, pues en los precios administrados la asimetría es poco significativa.
Demographic aspects and regional income convergence in Brazil: a panel data approach
The framework of condition convergence forms the theoretical basis for different dynamic panel data approaches, but depending on the specifications, the method and the time period, results can vary significantly. This article presents empirical results of applying different panel data approaches to study the impact of demographic factors on regional growth of the 27 states of Brazil over 20002014. The results suggest that estimation using the generalized method of moments (GMM) is likely to be more consistent and efficient than the other methods studied. The results also point to a significant and negative relation between the demographic variables and regional economic growth. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the literature, by offering a comparative model framework and an analysis of demographics and economic growth.
Aspectos demográficos y convergencia regional de los ingresos en el Brasil: enfoque de datos de panel
El marco de la convergencia condicional constituye la base teórica de distintos enfoques dinámicos de datos de panel, pero los resultados pueden variar significativamente dependiendo de las especificaciones, el método y el período de tiempo. Este artículo presenta los resultados empíricos fruto de aplicar diferentes enfoques de datos de panel para estudiar el impacto de los factores demográficos en el crecimiento regional de los 27 estados del Brasil entre 2000 y 2014. Los resultados indican que la estimación mediante el método generalizado de los momentos (MGM) probablemente sea más coherente y eficaz que los demás métodos estudiados. Los resultados también apuntan a una relación significativa y negativa entre las variables demográficas y el crecimiento económico regional. Se espera que este estudio contribuya a la literatura sobre el tema mediante la elaboración de un marco comparativo de modelos y el análisis de la demografía y el crecimiento económico del Brasil.
The shrinking State: Exploring the links between public spending and class, race and gender vulnerability in Brazil Arthur Welle and Ana Luíza Matos de Oliveira
The objective of this article is to understand the class, race and gender profile of persons who would be most affected if the Brazilian State were to stop providing health and education services. The article begins with a review of class, race and gender inequalities in Brazil, and then examines the role of the State in that regard. The second section presents an analysis of public education and health expenditures through a discussion of the class, race and gender profiles of users and a simulation of the elimination of public health and education spending. The third section contains concluding remarks. The article proposes that the elimination of public services would plunge poorer, Black2 and female populations (categories which often overlap) into severe financial hardship and negatively affect their well-being and could deepen poverty or lead to extreme poverty.
Drivers of the adoption of organic farming in Brazil: A combinatorial analysis Tanisa Andrade and Marcelo Fernandes Pacheco Dias
The general objective of this study is to identify the combinations of eco-innovation drivers associated with Brazilian municipalities in which a large proportion of farms report that they engage in organic farming. To this end, a theoretical review identified 11 drivers, which were classified as internal and external to the farms. The data were obtained from the 2017 agricultural census, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Qualitative comparative analysis was used to identify the combinations of drivers associated with organic farming. The results showed that no single driver can be considered necessary. Nonetheless, two combinations of internal drivers and three combinations of external drivers were found to be sufficient to explain the existence of a large proportion of properties engaged in organic farming. These findings contribute to the literature on eco-innovation in agriculture and to the monitoring of public policies.
Sectoral composition, export trade partners and value added: An input-output analysis for Brazil and Mexico Patieene Alves-Passoni
This study examine the impact of changes in the sectoral composition of exports and in trade partners on the value added of Brazil and Mexico between 2000 and 2019, within the framework of Latin American structuralism. Employing quantitative input-output structural decomposition analysis, we identify shifts in value added coefficients, production techniques, domestic demand and exports (level, product mix and trade partners). The research brings out a significant correlation between changes in trade partners and the structure of the export basket. Both Brazil and Mexico display export concentration, geographically and sectorally. While alterations in the export basket and trade partners had a negative impact on Mexico’s value added growth, Brazil experienced a positive effect. This finding for Brazil is attributed in part to its specialized agricultural and mineral exports to China. Conversely, Mexico’s specialization in transport equipment exports to the United States and Canada contributed to its unfavourable outcome.
Challenges and strategic opportunities for Brazils participation in global value chains Francielly de Fátima Almeida and Luciano Nakabashi
The objective of this study is to measure the effects of global value chain participation on the total factor productivity of the Brazilian economy, using heterogeneous dynamic panel models and methods suitable for diagnosing short-run and long-run effects. The study has two innovative features: it estimates the impact of global value chains on Brazil’s sectoral total factor productivity by disaggregating the indicators of simple and complex value chain participation developed by Wang and others (2017), and it uses a novel methodology to analyse the relationship between participation in global value chains and sectoral total factor productivity in Brazil. In the long run, this participation appears to generate productivity gains whatever indicator is considered, with the largest long-run effects arising when activities are carried out in complex chains. Positive effects are found in 15 of the 31 sectors analysed.
الكيلومبوس ،Quilombos بؤر المقاومة الأفرو-برازيلية
الكيلومبوس Quilombos ، هي أماكن للذّاكرة والمقاومة، أنشأها عبيد هاربون من العمل القسري أو جماعات من السّود بعد إلغاء العبودية. بيد إنّ العديد منها مهدّد اليوم بزحف المشاريع العقاريّة.
Sustainability and development in the municipalities of the State of Paraná: Mapping and analysis using the sustainable city development index of Brazil (IDSC-BR)
In consideration of the importance that the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development have acquired in the economic, social and environmental spheres, this article uses the sustainable city development index of Brazil (IDSC-BR) methodology to map SDG attainment in the 399 municipalities of Paraná. The main findings reveal that the municipalities with the lowest SDG fulfilment scores are concentrated in the central region of Paraná. Analysing the results by the individual Goals, the State performed best with Goal 11, sustainable cities and communities (89.52%), Goal 7, affordable and clean energy (85.11%), and Goal 12, responsible production and consumption (75.64%). At the same time, the Goals where compliance faces the greatest challenges are Goal 15, life on land (16.83%), Goal 14, life below water (26.02%), and Goal 17, partnerships for the goals (33.25%).
Support for technological innovation in the Brazilian machinery and equipment sector since the 2000s: Analysis based on the Innovation Survey (PINTEC)
This article analyses how technological innovation has evolved in the machinery and equipment sector in Brazil, comparing innovation by firms that benefited from government schemes to support innovation versus those that did not. The data used were from six editions of the Innovation Survey (PINTEC) and a special tabulation prepared by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results indicate that the industrial and science, technology and innovation policies of the 2000s had positive effects in the sector: firms’ innovative activities were boosted by government support instruments and increased more than innovation by companies that did not receive this support. The systematized data also enable the identification of some failings in these sector support programmes.
External debt and exchange-rate misalignment in Brazilian firms: Developments and risks from 2000 to 2018
This article investigates the effects of exchange-rate misalignment on the earnings of 201 Brazilian non-financial listed companies over the period 2010–2018. A measure of exchange-rate misalignment was constructed by compiling information on the value of currency derivative contracts and generating a new database. The results indicate that exchange-rate devaluation has a negative differential effect for firms that have borrowed in foreign currency, including exporting firms. Controlling for variables that protect firms with foreign currency debt, we find that the differential effect of devaluation is negative for firms with larger foreign currency liabilities and positive for those with larger foreign currency assets or greater hedging. These results are robust to different specifications.
The Amazon region at the heart of the Brazilian economys commodity-export model: The case of the State of Pará
The Brazilian economy has undergone far-reaching changes, related especially to the loss of industrial capacity as deindustrialization has spread and commodity-export production has expanded. The Brazilian Amazon region forms part of the expansionary logic of the agro-industry and mining sectors. This article analyses the economic reproduction model of one of the main federative units located in that region, the State of Pará. It uses the specialization coefficients and location quotients of Brazil’s 27 subnational federative units, to make a case study of that State. The findings reveal a declining industrial structure, particularly in manufacturing industry, accompanied by growth in the mining and metallurgical sector. Economic activity has become increasingly concentrated in the production of raw materials and semi-finished industrial inputs, of low technological content.
Apertura comercial y cambio estructural en la industria automotriz brasileña
Trade openness and structural change in the Brazilian motor industry
Reflections from the Chinese perspective on Sino-Brazilian cooperation in the twenty-first century
Sino-Brazilian cooperation has advanced rapidly in the twenty-first century. Although its successes have made it a model for South-South cooperation, the relationship also faces many challenges. This study focuses on the trade imbalance and the resultant risk of “deindustrialization” for Brazil, proposing that fostering technology transfer in the context of investments and situating Chinese companies in Brazil are two ways to mitigate its negative effects. However, the main response to these challenges is well-defined, comprehensive development planning by the Brazilian State with a strong commitment to reindustrialization. Since South-South cooperation is often more complex than North-South or North-North cooperation and few relevant academic studies exist on cooperation between developing countries, this article also advocates for a rational and holistic vision of Sino-Brazilian cooperation.
The effects of the coronavirus disease pandemic on the male and female labour supply in Brazil
Using an ordered probit model estimation and quarterly data for the 2018–2020 period from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (Continuous PNAD), this study sets out to analyse the effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) health crisis on the supply of working hours by men and women in Brazil. The results suggest that the pandemic reduced the probability of men and women supplying larger numbers of working hours, and that women were most affected. In addition, having small children reduced the probability of mothers supplying larger numbers of working hours, while for men that probability increased.
The weakening of the developmental State in Brazil: An analysis of the political economy of the 1970s and 1980s
This article analyses the weakening of the developmental State and the consolidation of neoliberalism in Brazil that took place through the reconfiguration of interests between social classes and groups, as part of the process of the return to democracy and the struggle waged to install a less exclusionary Constitution. It argues that, unlike in central countries, where the transition to neoliberalism had to do above all with containing the rise of the working class, in Brazil, it took the form of an anti-nationalization vision that gained strength from the late 1970s onward and was driven mainly by a repositioning and reconfiguration of power between different factions within the dominant class, amid growing and forceful external pressure to adopt neoliberal formulas.
Structure of employment associated with international trade in Brazil from a gender perspective
This article analyses the volume and structure of female employment linked to Brazil’s foreign trade with its different partners in 2019, on the basis of estimations made from the Brazilian input-output table and on trade and employment statistics. Jobs linked to exports account for a small share of total employment in Brazil, especially in the case of women. Comparing the number of jobs generated by exports with those threatened by imports, the balance is smaller for women than for men. In addition, the quality of export-related employment is below the economy-wide average, for both women and men alike. Nonetheless, trade-related jobs in Brazil vary across trading partners, reflecting the country’s heterogeneous pattern of trade specialization.
Prices and progress? The link between inflation and structural change in post-war Brazil
This paper employs a multivariate time series model to examine the relationship between price increases and structural change in post-war Brazil (1945–1964). To assess this relationship, the model investigates the link between prices, the industrial share of total output in the economy, net investment and industrial sector wages. With a view to addressing criticisms commonly made of the vector autoregression (VAR) family of models, and particularly the ad hoc nature of Cholesky’s decomposition method, hypotheses drawn from the economic literature on development theory were applied to the matrix of restrictions. The findings indicate that inflation played a significant role in structural change in Brazil, while the influence of structural change on inflation was less pronounced.
Анализ исследований национальных примеров реформирования политики в целях содействия инвестициям в энергоэффективность
Обзорный доклад по материалам исследований, полученных от азербайджана, армении, беларуси, бразилии, грузии, египта, замбии, китая, кувейта, марокко, таджикистана, таиланда, туниса, уругвая, хорватии, черногории и южной африки
This publication aims to identify existing barriers to energy efficiency policy implementation and to provide recommendations to policymakers for reforms that can support market formation and foster favourable climate for investments in energy efficiency. It develops a benchmark that should serve as a reference point for policymakers and energy experts working in the field of energy efficiency. This benchmark is a synthesis of policy incentives that should be in place in order to stimulate and ensure successful energy efficiency policy outcomes. The desired policies are divided into three groups: 1) legal, institutional and regulatory; 2) economic and financial; and 3) socio-political. A set of these policies in place at a sufficient degree in a particular country is a basis for successful formulation and implementation of energy efficiency policies and related projects.
Business Guide to Trade Remedies in Brazil
Anti-Dumping, Countervailing and Safeguard Legislation, Practices and Procedures
This is a guide to Brazil’s trade remedy procedures (anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguards measures), seen from the perspective of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreements. It highlights substantive and procedural aspects of Brazilian law and practice targeted at the country’s trade partners – business managers, exporters and importers in developing and transition economies. Like other International Trade Centre’s (ITC) publications on trade remedies, this guide equips these trading partners with the information they need to defend their trading rights in Brazil.
Analysis of National Case Studies on Policy Reforms to Promote Energy Efficiency Investments
Synthesis Report Based on Case Studies from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, China, Croatia, Egypt, Georgia, Kuwait, Montenegro, Morocco, South Africa, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Uruguay, Zambia
Assessment of Development Results - Brazil
This independent Assessment of Development Results in Brazil, conducted by the Evaluation Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is part of a series of country-level evaluations. The evaluation examined the UNDP contribution to Brazil’s development from 2002 to 2010 and provides forward-looking recommendations that are useful for the formulation of the new UNDP country programme in Brazil.
No. 32500. Brazil and Mexico
Agreement on cooperation in the field of the environment. Signed at Brasilia on 10 October 1990
No. 32499. Brazil and Italy
Treaty on judicial cooperation and the recognition and enforcement of sentences in civil matters. Signed at Rome on 17 October 1989
No. 32982. Brazil and Ecuador
Agreement on mechanisms and sanitary requirements for trade in fishery and fishery products, supplementary to the Treaty of friendship and cooperation (with annexes). Signed at Brasilia on 21 May 1996
No. 32971. Brazil and China
Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the fields of radio and television. Signed at Beijing on 13 December 1995
No. 32973. Brazil and Bolivia
Agreement in the field of geological studies in bordering regions, supplementary to the Basic Agreement on technical and scientific cooperation. Signed at La Paz on 23 February 1996
No. 32981. Brazil and Cuba
Agreement in the field of health in the Municipality of Caxias, supplementary to the Basic Agreement on scientific, technical and technological cooperation. Signed at Brasilia on 8 May 1996
No. 32974. Brazil and Chile
Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the execution of studies and actions of common interest in the field of agriculture. Signed at Brasilia on 25 March 1996
No. 32979. Brazil and Argentina
Protocol on educational integration for the formation of human resources at post-graduate level, additional to the Cultural Agreement. Signed at Buenos Aires on 9 April 1996
No. 32972. Brazil and China
Agreement in the field of exchange of experts for technical cooperation, supplementary to the Agreement on scientific and technological cooperation and to the Agreement on economic and technological cooperation. Signed at Beijing on 13 December 1995
No. 32978. Brazil and Turkmenistan
Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations. Signed at Moscow on 3 April 1996
No. 32976. Brazil and Chile
Supplementary Agreement in the field of cinematographic cooperation and co-production (with annex). Signed at Brasilia on 25 March 1996
No. 32977. Brazil and Tajikistan
Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations. Signed at Moscow on 29 March 1996
No. 32980. Brazil and Cuba
Agreement in the field of health in the Municipality of Angatuba, supplementary to the Basic Agreement on scientific, technical and technological cooperation. Signed at Brasilia on 8 May 1996
No. 32975. Brazil and Chile
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement establishing a consultation mechanism. Brasilia, 25 March 1996
No. 33370. Mexico and Brazil
Agreement concerning air services (with annex). Signed at Brasilia on 26 May 1995
No. 33291. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil
Guarantee Agreement—Rural Poverty Alleviation Project—Ceara (with General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 27 February 1996
No. 32505. Brazil and Uruguay
Agreement relating to the exercise of remunerative activities by dependants of diplomatic, consular, administrative and technical personnel. Signed at Montevideo on 11 June 1993
No. 32504. Brazil and Argentina
Agreement on judicial cooperation in civil, commercial, labour and administrative matters. Signed at Brasília on 20 August 1991
No. 32561. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and Brazil
Letter of Understanding on legal protection for guaranteed foreign investments. Signed at Brasilia on 21 May 1993 and at Washington on 30 June 1993
No. 33542. Brazil and Canada
Memorandum of understanding on environmental and sustainable development consultations and cooperation. Signed at Brasilia on 26 November 1996
No. 33557. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil
Loan Agreement-Recife Metropolitan Transport Decentralization Project (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 3 April 1996
No. 32467. Brazil and Italy
Treaty on judicial assistance in criminal matters. Signed at Rome on 17 October 1989
No. 32472. Brazil and Portugal
Treaty on mutual assistance in criminal matters. Signed at Brasília on 7 May 1991
No. 32451. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil
Guarantee Agreement-Rural Poverty Alleviation Project-Bahia (with General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, on 16 July 1995
No. 32470. Brazil and Portugal
Agreement on scheduled air transport (with annex and route schedule). Signed at Brasilia on 7 May 1991
No. 32951. United Nations (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) and Brazil
Technical Cooperation Agreement based on the revised standard Agreement between the Government of the United States of Brazil and the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency and on the Agreement between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the United Nations on the functioning of the Brasilia office of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Signed at Brasília on 25 April 1996
No. 31658. United Nations and Brazil
Exchange of letters constituting a memorandum of understanding concerning the arrangements for the United Nations Seminar and NGO Symposium on the Question of Palestine for the Latin American and the Caribbean region, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 20 to 23 March 1995. New York, 24 February and 2 March 1995
No. 32811. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil
Guarantee Agreement—Environmental Conservation and Rehabilitation Project (with General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 9 February 1993). Signed at Washington on 14 November 1995
No. 33118. International Fund for Agricultural Development and Brazil
Loan Agreement—Low-income Family Support Project in the Semi-Arid Region of Sergipe State (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund dated 19 September 1986). Signed at Rome on 30 May 1995
No. 33119. International Fund for Agricultural Development and Brazil
Guarantee Agreement—Low-Income Family Support Project in the Semi-Arid Region of Sergipe State (with General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund dated 19 September 1986). Signed at Rome on 30 May 1995
No. 33474. Brazil and Paraguay
Agreement concerning military cooperation. Signed at Asunción on 24 July 1995
No. 33475. Brazil and Costa Rica
Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the exemption from visas. Brasília, 6 November 1996
No. 33477. Brazil and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Arrangement for the implementation of the “Administrative Reform Support Project”, complementary to the Agreement on technical cooperation. Signed at Brasília on 12 November 1996
No. 33476. Brazil and China
Agreement concerning the maintenance of the Consulate-General of Brazil in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. Signed at Brasília on 8 November 1996
No. 33478. Brazil and Angola
Agreement in the field of vocational training, supplementary to the Agreement on economic, scientific and technical cooperation. Signed at Luauda on 25 November 1996
No. 31641. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Brazil
Guarantee Agreement-Espìrito Santo Water and Coastal Pollution Management Project (with General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements dated 1 January 1985). Signed at Washington on 28 October 1994
No. 32078. United Nations and Brazil
Agreement on the functioning of the Brasília office of the Economic Commission for Latin America (with exchange of notes dated at Brasília on 31 January 1994 and at Santiago on 17 February 1994). Signed at Santiago on 27 July 1984
No. 32511. Brazil and Ecuador
Agreement relating to the exercise of remunerative activities by dependants of diplomatic, consular, administrative and technical personnel. Signed at Brasilia on 22 June 1993
No. 32483. Brazil and Germany
Agreement on financial cooperation for the “Integrated Project for the Protection of Indian Territories and People of Amazonia Legal/Demarcation of Indian Territories”. Signed at Brasília on 6 April 1995
No. 32480. Brazil and Czech Republic
Agreement on trade and economic cooperation. Signed at Brasília on 25 April 1994
No. 32475. Brazil and United States of America
Memorandum of Understanding on narcotics control (with annexes). Signed at Brasília on 20 August 1993
