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- Volume 1995, Issue 57, 1995
CEPAL Review - Volume 1995, Issue 57, 1995
Volume 1995, Issue 57, 1995
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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The United Nations and ECLAC at the half-century mark of the Organization
Author: Gert RosenthalFifty years ago, a broad and representative group of countries tried for the second time in this century to set up a world organization to try to banish the scourge of war and promote international co-operation. The first attempt -the League of Nations- had foundered in the stormy waters that were to lead to the greatest cataclysm in world history. The second effort -the United Nations- has so far resisted different but equally severe trials, notably the so-called “Cold War”.
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The creation of the United Nations and ECLAC
Author: Hernán Santa CruzWhen the countries which fought in the 1914-1918 war -considered at that time to be the most brutal conflict in human history- signed the Versailles peace accords, it was said that nothing like it could ever happen again. Seventeen years later, however, a second world war broke out which was truly universal and ten times bloodier than its predecessor.
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Human rights and the child
Author: Teresa SbanoThe current celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations is a suitable moment for reflection and analysis of the Organization’s role in promoting, guaranteeing and defending human rights.
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Governance, competitiveness and social integration
Author: Fernando Calderon G.This article seeks to set forth the grounds for an approach integrating political governance, economic competitiveness and social integration as interdependent variables. To this end, it looks at the possibilities for Latin American society to simultaneously increase its capacity for democratic self-government, improve its economic competitiveness and tackle the main problems of social exclusion and poverty, since if this is not done the region will find it more difficult to take its place in the concert of modem democratic nations. In order to analyse the evolution of those variables from a systemic standpoint, each of them is first of all reviewed separately and then an attempt is made to construct an interactive scheme for their mutual relations, bearing in mind the economic and cultural conditions for productivity growth and the need for a social and political matrix which will give a sense of direction to the overall set of variables.
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Port privatization, labour reform and social equity
Author: Larry A. BurkhalterGovernments of the ECLAC region have promulgated labour regimes which support port workers’ desire for stable wages and job security, isolate them from market signals and create cargo-handling monopolies. The advent of a global economy, the introduction of export-led growth policies, the acquisition of advanced cargo-handling equipment and electronic information systems, and the participation of private interests in the offer of port services permit enterprises to compare, purchase and employ raw materials, labour and service inputs worldwide, and have transformed the traditional concept of competition between comparable finished goods into input-to-final product competition.
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New trends in wage policies
Author: Andrés MarinakisUp to a few years ago, wages policy was a central instrument of macroeconomic policy in Latin America, and there was a great deal of State intervention in it Now, in the early part of the 1990s, however, the countries of the region are mostly in a more balanced macroeconomic situation and have gone a long way in their process of trade openness. Both these factors heighten the importance of costs, in view of the need to maintain the competitiveness of national production, so that the search for instruments to facilitate control over costs, including labour costs, is now a constant concern.
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Central America: Macroeconomic performance and social financing
Author: Francisco Esquivel VillegasThe analysis of social area financing in small economies has taken on great importance in recent years with the growing recognition of the mutual links between economic and social processes. Investment in human capital is seen as fundamental for attaining the competitiveness demanded by participation in world trade. In Central America, the socio-political situation has given rise to growing interest in studying social area financing and in gaining a knowledge of the economic possibilities there will be in coming years for assigning resources to social activities.
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Panama and Central American economic integration
Author: Luis René CáceresThis article looks at the benefits that Panama could derive from its possible integration with the countries of the Central American Common Market (CACM). First of all, Panama’s production structure is analysed in terms of the phenomenon known as the “Dutch disease”: this reveals the de-industrializing effect that the booms in the services sector have had on the economy. An examination is then made of the advantages that Panama could derive from gradual integration with the CACM countries in terms of intra-industry exports, promotion of investments, competition and modernization of production, and it is asserted that these benefits do not exist, on a reciprocal basis, in a scheme based on unilateral trade openness.
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The dual currency bifurcation of Cuba’s economy in the 1990s: Causes, consequences and cures
Author: Archibald R. M. RitterIn the 1990s, there has been a growing split in Cuba’s economy between the traditional socialist peso-based component and the internationalized dollar-oriented and marketized component. This schism has been caused by a conjuncture of circumstances, including the expansion of tourism and foreign and mixed enterprise; the contraction and loss of confidence in the socialist economy; the weakening of the monetary role of the peso (owing to the rapid inflation arising from the financing of the fiscal deficit through money creation), and a grossly overvalued exchange rate. This dual currency and structural bifurcation of the economy shaped the pattern of income distribution, thereby influencing the economic behaviour of the Cuban people.
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Transnationalization and integration of production in Latin America
Author: Armando Di FilippoTrade among the ALAD countries has grown with exceptional vigour so far in the 1990s, especially in the branches of metal products, machinery and equipment, chemical products, and foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco. In order for this dynamic growth to be sustainable in the long term, these countries must develop their intra-industry trade by promoting reciprocal supply in those branches. The bulk of transnational productive capital in Latin America is concentrated in those branches, and it is in the metal products, machinery and equipment sector that the swiftest increase in intra-industry trade takes place and the link between the growth of intra-regional trade and a strong presence of transnational capital is most marked.
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