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- Volume 2016, Issue 119, 2016
CEPAL Review - Volume 2016, Issue 119, 2016
Volume 2016, Issue 119, 2016
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Purchasing power parities for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005-2013: Methods and results
Authors: Hernán Epstein and Salvador MarconiThis work sets out some methodological aspects and gross domestic product (gdp) series for Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 2005-2013, expressed in purchasing power parities (ppp), and points out a number of limitations applying to this sort of exercise. Comparisons are made with series (at current and constant prices) denominated in dollars at market exchange rates, and also with the results of the 2005 round of the International Comparison Programme. A number of hypotheses are advanced to interpret the behaviour of the main economic variables calculated in the study.
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Official development assistance, social capital and growth in Latin America
Authors: Isabel Neira, Maricruz Lacalle-Calderón and Marta PortelaThis study focuses on the relationship among official development assistance (oda), social capital and economic growth in Latin American countries, attempting to determine whether the impact of such assistance on growth is conditional on the receiving country’s stock of social capital. To this end, we use “trust” to measure social capital in an unbalanced panel of 18 Latin American countries over the period 2001-2010. After accounting for country and time effects in a dynamic panel data model, our results show that the impact of oda on growth is indeed conditional on the level of trust that exists. This suggests that this assistance will be more effective when used in a trust-rich environment.
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Peru, 2002-2012: Growth, structural change and formalization
Author: Juan ChacaltanaIn a dramatic change of trend, labour formalization took place in Peru in the period covered by this study. The context was one of economic growth accompanied by a labour market reform that created a special regime for micro and small enterprises, thereby reducing employment costs, and introduced improvements in workplace inspections. A panel of subnational regions is used to analyse the role played by these factors in the formalization process. In the first place, this study confirms that the composition of growth matters to formalization. A combined analysis of economic factors (growth and sectoral growth) and recent institutional changes shows that the former accounted for the bulk of formalization in the period analysed and that growth in labour-intensive sectors adds explanatory power, while the institutional changes, far-reaching though they were, did not have a significant effect.
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Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Colombia: Evidence from regional-level panel data
Authors: Ignacio Lozano and Juan Manuel JulioThis paper provides evidence for the positive effects of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth in Colombia since the enactment of the Political Constitution of 1991. The empirical strategy involved choosing a suitable estimator for the panel data approach, the augmented mean group (amg) estimator, that enabled unobserved determinants suggested by the literature to be added to traditional long-term explanatory factors. The strategy was supplemented with exercises that provided support for the results from (i) cross-sectional models for different periods and various control variables; (ii) a test of the hypothesis of complementarity between public goods provided by different jurisdictions (spillover effects), and (iii) an assessment of unconditional convergence in regional income differences.
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The effect of ICTs on academic achievement: The conectar igualdad programme in Argentina
Authors: María Verónica Alderete and María Marta FormichellaThe objective of this paper is to determine the “premium,” in terms of academic achievement, that accrues to student beneficiaries of the Conectar Igualdad programme with respect to students not participating in the programme. For this purpose, the propensity score matching (psm) method is used. The programme is described, as is the theoretical framework used to define the explanatory factors of academic achievement, which may affect the likelihood of participation in the programme. The target population are 15-year-old students in Argentina. The study draws on data from the 2012 round of Programme for the International Student Assessment (pisa) tests. The findings indicate that there are statistically significant differences in average academic achievement associated with participation in the Conectar Igualdad programme.
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Brazil: Capital goods industry during the 2003-2008 boom and following the global crisis
Author: Guilherme Riccioppo MagachoThe capital goods industry is essential for technological development and long-term economic growth without external restrictions. After a long period of stagnation, investment growth resumed in Brazil in 2003 and brought renewed vigor to the capital goods industry. Nevertheless, the industry is very diverse, and some sectors have failed to meet rising demand where others have succeeded, namely those with high technological potential such as suppliers of machinery for the oil, mining and construction industries and makers of transportation and electrical generation and distribution equipment. Those sectors continued to expand even in the wake of the 2008 global crisis and have been barely touched by foreign competition.
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Socioeconomic school segregation in Chile: Parental choice and a theoretical counterfactual analysis
Authors: Humberto Santos and Gregory ElacquaIn this article, we examine the hypothesis that the policy of parental school choice in Chile has increased socioeconomic school segregation. We use a georeferenced database of students and schools in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Santiago to compare actual segregation with the segregation that would occur in the hypothetical case that students attended the school nearest to their place of residence. The results indicate that school segregation is higher in the actual scenario than in the counterfactual scenario, which suggests that the interaction between family preferences and school entry barriers (tuition and selective admission process) tend to increase school segregation beyond the city’s underlying residential segregation.
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Income inequality in Costa Rica according to the national household income and expenditure surveys of 2004 and 2013
Author: Andrés A. FernándezLabour income inequality declined in most of the Latin American countries in the early years of the twenty-first century. Costa Rica, however, is one of the few countries in which this measure has not fallen, but has indeed continued to rise. By comparing 2004 and 2013, dispersion by hours worked and wage differences between public and private sector workers are identified as the main causes of this rise in inequality.
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The labour content of Mexican manufactures, 2008 and 2012
Authors: Gerardo Fujii G., Cervantes M. Rosario and Fabián R. SofíaThis study presents estimates of the number of jobs created by Mexican exports of manufactured goods in 2008 and 2012 based on the input-output matrices developed by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (inegi). Data are given for direct labour (the labour needed to produce the exports) and indirect labour (the labour involved in producing the Mexican-made inputs embedded in those exports, plus the jobs created by all the indirect repercussions of the production of the intermediate goods that are incorporated into those exports). Employment in export production is disaggregated into manufacturing export sectors and sectors in which related jobs are created. In addition, since every export sector requires intermediate goods, some of which are produced in the same sector and some of which are produced in others, the indirect labour embedded in exports is divided into its intrasectoral and intersectoral components.
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Tertiarization in Chile: Cultural inequality and occupational structure
Authors: Modesto Gayo, María Luisa Méndez and Berta TeitelboimTertiarization, or the shift to service economies with an increasing prevalence of non-manual occupations, has been identified as a central phenomenon in contemporary societies. With the purported numerical and political decline of traditional working-class sectors, the middle class has come to be seen in recent decades as the dominant one. This understanding of the way society has evolved has gone along with a growing interest in forms of social differentiation other than the occupational one of industrial societies, including cultural differentiation. This paper briefly reconstructs the debate and shows that while there may have been growth in non-manual occupations, prompting the notion of a progressive shift towards a middle-class society, some important findings make it difficult simply to accept the claim that Chile has become this kind of mesocratic society.
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