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- Volume 2019, Issue 129, 2019
CEPAL Review - Volume 2019, Issue 129, 2019
Volume 2019, Issue 129, 2019
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Competitiveness and its determinants: A systemic analysis for developing countries
Authors: Victor Medeiros, Lucas Gonçalves Godoi and Evandro Camargos TeixeiraThis paper seeks to make a comparative and econometric analysis of competitiveness in developing countries, identifying its determinants and sources of variation. It uses the data envelopment analysis methodology to generate measures of competitiveness. The determinants of competitiveness are obtained through a Tobit model based on the systemic competitiveness approach. As average competitiveness is low, the main results show that resource allocation could be improved in many of the countries in the sample. In addition to business factors such as innovation and the sophistication of the business environment, structural aspects such as market size and quality of demand, along with systemic factors such as infrastructure, health, education, workforce training and the macroeconomic environment, are all important for enhancing the competitiveness of emerging countries.
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The gross domestic product (GDP) shares of the agriculture sector and the hydrocarbon and mining sector in the countries of South America between 1960 and 2014
Authors: Pedro Henrique de Abreu Paiva and Carlos José Caetano BachaThis article analyses the GDP shares of the agriculture sector and the hydrocarbon and mining sector in the South American countries between 1960 and 2014. Although the share of the agriculture sector has been trending downward in South America, common features can be observed in three subgroups of countries. The first comprises the founding members of MERCOSUR, where agricultural and agro-industrial trade was in surplus and the share of the agriculture sector rose back up between 2002 and 2007. The second subgroup are the Andean countries, where the agriculture sector share of GDP declined from 1960 onward while that of hydrocarbon and mining production increased, especially during the 2000s. The third subgroup consists of Guyana and Suriname, where the historical series of the agriculture sector share of GDP takes the form of an inverted U.
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Green jobs in Argentina: opportunities to move forward with the environmental and social agenda
Authors: Christoph Ernst, Ana Sofía Rojo Brizuela and Daniele EpifanioThe Argentine economy has been becoming greener because of a new political orientation, international commitments (the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development) and private sector initiatives. This transition is having economic and social impacts. The aim of the present article is to determine the potential of the economy to create green jobs that protect workers and the environment. In 2015, 7% of formal jobs were green and presented better average employment conditions than the rest. They were predominantly in goods production and the provision of urban services, such as sanitation and transport. Regulations and public policies seem to be the main factors driving green job creation, with consumption still playing a minor role. For the transition to a green economy to be fair, policies must take account of the employment dimension in order to initiate a virtuous circle leading to a more productive, inclusive and environmentally friendly economy.
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Income elasticities and inequality of poverty in urban and rural areas of the Brazilian states: A spatial approach
This study sets out to obtain values for the income elasticities and inequality of poverty in urban and rural areas of the Brazilian states. A panel data methodology capable of capturing spatial effects via a spatial lag model is used to identify whether there are spatial spillovers of poverty in the census situations studied. Changes in growth and inequality lead to spatial spillovers in the proportion of poor people in Brazils urban areas, but this does not happen at all in rural areas. By demonstrating the existence of spatial spillovers in urban areas, the study shows that anti-poverty measures for these areas should be applied at the national level. In rural areas, the absence of spatial spillovers in the proportion of poor people means that public policies to combat rural poverty can be implemented at both state and national levels.
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A typology of precarious employment for Chile: Precariousnessas a cross-class phenomenon
Authors: Osvaldo Blanco and Dasten JuliánThis article presents a proposal for defining and measuring precarious employment. We begin by relating this phenomenon to the changing faces of work and social class. We then expound a methodology that combines the techniques of correspondence analysis and k-means clustering to produce a typology of nine groups of precarious employment. This reveals such employment to be a multidimensional phenomenon combining aspects of stability, insecurity, income, working conditions and working hours. The results point to a phenomenon that is not tied to any one class or position in the labour market or to any one dimension or indicator but is rather a multidimensional process that cuts across class divides and pervades different positions and situations throughout the Chilean employment structure.
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What is life like for our elderly? An empirical study of the quality of life of older people in Colombia
Authors: Bilver Adrián Astorquiza Bustos and Óscar Armando ChingalLife expectancy has increased considerably over the last 50 years; and population pyramids have inverted as the number of older people has grown. This study analyses the quality of life enjoyed by older people in nine of Colombias regions or departments, as rated in four categories: Very good, Good, Fair or Poor. It estimates an ordered multinomial logistic model using 20,720 observations taken from the 2018 National Quality of Life Survey, which altogether represent 3,914,448 individuals. The results suggest that the average probability of having a quality of life rated good is 80.2%, with variations between geographical areas and differences that are associated positively with being a woman, belonging to medium and high socioeconomic groups, not missing daily meals, having a home of ones own home, not being affiliated to the subsidized social security regime and not feeling insecure or poor, among other factors.
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Canton growth in Ecuador and the role of spatial heterogeneity
Authors: Nicola Pontarollo, Rodrigo Mendieta and Diego OntanedaThis paper identifies the determinants of per capita gross value added (GVA) growth in Ecuador during the 20072015 period, using a spatial extension of the Mankiw, Romer and Weil (MRW) model. Because as a country Ecuador is characterized by deep territorial socioeconomic imbalances, estimates using classical techniques that measure average or global effects would not be as justifiable and would have limited political implications. Accordingly, this study uses a spatial filtering technique, which is a recent evolution of geographically weighted regression (GWR), to account for the spatial heterogeneity of the coefficients of a growth regression that explicitly considers both physical and human capital. The results show that Ecuadorian cantons have a wide range of convergence rates and that the effect of physical and human capital varies across space.
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Industrial growth and consumer goods inflation in Mexico: An econometric analysis
This paper employs a vector error correction methodology to investigate the long-term determinants of consumer goods inflation and industrial growth in Mexico during the 20012016 period. This is underpinned by a aggregate demand-aggregate supply model that brings new explanatory variables into play and keeps a priori restrictions on the data to a minimum. The evidence shows that cost-push and demand-pull inflation are both present and reveals the variables at work in each case. This study fills a gap in the empirical literature by showing that labour productivity not only spurs industrial growth, but also lowers consumer goods inflation in the long run. The policy implication of this finding is important given the need to attain faster economic growth without sacrificing price stability.
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Fiscal disparities in Uruguay’s regions: The role of a new systemof intergovernmental equalization transfers
Authors: Leonel Muinelo-Gallo, Joana Urraburu Bordon and Pablo Castro ScavoneThis article conducts an empirical analysis of the role of intergovernmental transfers in a group of regions (departments) in Uruguay during the period 20062014. It examines the structure and evolution of regional fiscal disparities and the equalizing effects of the current transfer system. It then proposes an innovative methodology for simulating the effects of a new system of equalization transfers. The main finding is that implementing this new system would help to consolidate greater territorial fiscal homogeneity in Uruguay.
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The social and economic effects of introducing reverse mortgages in Chile
Authors: José Luis Ruiz, Pablo Tapia and José DonosoThis study simulates the social and economic effects of introducing reverse mortgages in Chile. It uses the 2009 Social Protection Survey and recent simulation methodologies to analyse the monetary gain associated with taking out such a loan, which is paid in periodic instalments over the homeowners lifetime. Eligible individuals are retired homeowners, who account for 70% of the older population. Monies received increase exponentially depending on the age at which the reverse mortgage is taken out. Lastly, the increase in liquidity has significant social potential, as it could reduce the poverty rate in the target group by 15%.
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