Partnerships for the Goals
Coordonner le financement pour l’aide humanitaire d’urgence
La responsabilité nationale est cruciale pour l'instauration d'une paix et d'un développement durables au lendemain d' un conflit
Le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030, adopté à l’unanimité par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en septembre 2015, a l’ambition de transformer le monde. La déclaration fait valoir qu’« il ne peut y avoir de développement sans paix ni de paix sans développement ». Même si cet objectif est seulement le 16e des 17 objectifs de développement durable (ODD), il ne faut pas sous-estimer l’importance de transformer les pays exposés aux conflits en nations pacifiques engagées dans la poursuite du développement durable.
Exploiter le potentiel des garçons et des filles pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable
Les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) sont aujourd’hui entrés en vigueur et il y a raison d’espérer qu’ils apporteront des changements positifs à des millions de personnes.
Habitat III, la Conférence des Nations Unies axée sur les citoyens
Plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit aujourd’hui dans les villes. D’ici à 2050, la population urbaine mondiale devrait presque doubler, faisant de l’urbanisation l’une des transformations les plus importantes du XXIe siècle. Les villes ayant connu d’importantes transformations qui ont entraîné une croissance économique et une prospérité sans précédent, nous devons repenser la façon dont nous vivons et gérons les villes afin d’assurer un avenir durable pour tous.
Développer les secteurs de lénergie renouvelable et les technologies en Afrique de lOuest
Un moyen de réaliser les objectifs de développement durable : Faire taire les armes en Afrique
En juillet 2015, l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies a approuvé le Programme d’action d’Addis-Abeba, qui fait partie intégrante du Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 des Nations Unies. La vision des Nations Unies, définie dans un programme global comprenant 17 objectifs de développement durable (ODD), inclut les dimensions économiques, sécuritaires, sociales et environnementales. La mise en oeuvre de ces objectifs nécessitera des partenariats avec les organismes régionaux et les stratégies régionales pertinents.
Le sport peut transformer la vie des enfants et le monde
Pourquoi les organisations féminines locales sont importantes pour le développement durable des communautés
De par leur nature, les femmes et les filles ne sont pas vulnérables, mais leurs conditions sociales, économiques et politiques les fragilisent et les rendent plus vulnérables aux risques. Dans le contexte du Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 et de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le logement et le développement urbain durable (Habitat III), qui aura lieu du 17 au 20 octobre 2016 à Quito, en Équateur, la menace imminente posée par les changements climatiques sera étudiée sérieusement, car elle augmente les risques et la vulnérabilité auxquels les femmes et les filles font face, y compris les femmes rurales et leur communauté. Dans des études de cas de réseaux de femmes locales détaillées plus bas, nous voyons comment les catastrophes liées au climat ont non seulement contribué à adopter des méthodes durables, mais aussi à changer les conditions sociales, économiques et politiques des femmes et des communautés. Ces cas montrent que des réponses globales, intégrées et inclusives sont en phase avec les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). La reconnaissance et le soutien aux initiatives d’adaptation aux changements climatiques ainsi que les initiatives en faveur du développement menées par les femmes rurales et élaborées en partant de la base sont des éléments essentiels au développement durable.
La demande pour une planification et une production architecturales souples dans les régions connaissant une urbanisation rapide: Le cas de l’Éthiopie
L’Afrique est considérée comme un continent en voie d’urbanisation rapide, mais elle est en retard en ce qui concerne le discours sur l’urbanisation. Selon Achille Mbembé et Sarah Nuttal, « écrire le monde depuis l’Afrique ou écrire l’Afrique dans le monde ou comme un fragment de celui-ci est une tâche incontournable » (2004). Dans le discours concernant les affaires mondiales et, en particulier, l’urbanisation, le cas de l’Afrique est souvent relégué à l’arrière-plan dans une boîte que beaucoup pourraient appeler l’altérité. Ce n’est que récemment que le concept d’altérité est devenu un point d’intérêt pour ceux qui souhaitent étudier la révolution urbaine en Afrique. Cependant, comme pour tout phénomène radical, la plupart des études universitaires dressent deux tableaux diamétralement opposés : d’un côté une situation désespérée et, de l’autre, la possibilité d’envisager un avenir urbain plus efficace et plus apte à répondre aux besoins (Cherenet Mamo, 2015, p.17). Cet article cherche à souligner le deuxième point en examinant le cas de l’Éthiopie, l’une des nations les moins urbanisées, qui connaît actuellement une transformation rapide.
Le rôle du sport dans la réalisation des objectifs de développement durable
Le programme 2030 : Réduire toutes les formes de violence
La première cible des 16 objectifs de développement durable (ODD), qui fait partie du Programme 2030, a pour but de réduire nettement, partout dans le monde, « toutes les formes de violence et les taux de mortalité qui y sont associés ». Pourtant, la « guerre à la guerre », pour emprunter une expression chère à Joshua Goldstein, est en difficulté. Après des décennies de progrès, les conflits armés, les violences perpétrées à l’encontre des populations civiles et autres formes de violence ont connu une forte recrudescence ces quatre dernières années, et cela accompagné par l’augmentation sans précédent du nombre de personnes déplacées et la détérioration importante des conditions de vie dans les zones déchirées par les conflits. Pour relever ce défi, la communauté internationale doit trouver l’énergie, la stratégie, l’engagement et les ressources nécessaires pour réduire la violence sous toutes ses formes en prévenant les conflits, en protégeant les populations vulnérables et en reconstruisant les États et les sociétés suite aux violences. En incluant la réduction de toutes les formes de violence dans les ODD, les États Membres des Nations Unies ont jeté les bases qui permettent de le faire. Comme les objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) qui les ont précédés, les ODD n’offrent pas toutes les réponses, mais mettent en évidence les priorités et les attentes mondiales, déterminent des critères à l’aune desquels on pourra mesurer les progrès et marquent le point de départ d’un effort mondial concerté. La réduction de la violence est, désormais, l’un de ces objectifs. La question est de savoir comment y parvenir.
Lénergie durable pour tous : lautonomisation des femmes
La participation des femmes à la transformation des conflits et de l'extrémisme violent
Peu de pays dans le monde connaissent des situations politiques, sociales et économiques et des défis liés à la sécurité aussi complexes que le Pakistan. Ce pays, qui compte 200 millions d’habitants, est composé de dizaines de groupes ethniques et minoritaires et de nombreuses tribus qui ont coexisté en paix pendant des décennies. Pourtant, ce pays est, depuis ces 15 dernières années, aux prises avec un extrémisme violent sous différentes formes. Dans la région de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) et dans les zones tribales sous administration fédérale (FATA), l’extrémisme est particulièrement violent et touche les femmes de plein fouet. Veuves, victimes ou ayant survécu à des attentats-suicides à la bombe, elles sont aussi déplacées et traumatisées. Les hommes de la famille combattent ou sont morts et de nombreuses femmes se retrouvent de fait à la tête de leur famille, ayant la responsabilité de nourrir, d’élever et d’héberger les personnes âgées, les jeunes et les blessés. Cependant, leur mobilité, l’accès à l’éducation et aux établissements de santé et leur capacité à s’occuper pleinement de leur famille sont gravement compromis. Les extrémistes ont exploité les femmes au nom de la religion, les contraignant à lever des fonds et à envoyer leurs propres fils ainsi que ceux d’autres membres de leur famille et de leur communauté travailler avec les extrémistes et pour eux, en particulier dans la région de Swat. Souvent, les femmes ont soutenu les extrémistes en leur confectionnant des vestes suicide, en collectant de l’or et de l’argent, en servant d’informatrices et en leur offrant un abri.
Inherited and social factors explaining early skills inequality: The case of chilean children
This article sets out to analyse differences in cognitive and non-cognitive skills between Chilean children. It first examines factors explaining the level of these skills and then goes on to distinguish between children from poor and non-poor households. The data are taken from the first Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, which was analysed using logistic binary regression. This study finds that variables associated with the mother's intelligence level and other socialization-related variables are statistically significant. However, separate statistical analysis for poor and non-poor households yields different effects of socialization. The main conclusion is that the mother's skills are a relevant explanatory factor in both poor and non-poor children's households. Nonetheless, unequal development of skills in early childhood is not due to inherited traits alone. Stimulation matters in poor households, while the mother's education matters in non-poor households.
Analysis of Brazilian industry’s dependency on imported inputs between 2000 and 2014
The aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which different sectors of Brazilian industry were dependent on imported inputs between 2000 and 2014. The methodology of input-output analysis was used for this purpose, and the sectors were classified according to their direct and indirect demand for imported inputs. Sectors with relatively little demand for imported inputs are those related to the food, timber, wood and cork product industries and the repair and installation of machinery and equipment. The other industrial sectors relied on imported inputs to carry out their productive activities. The increasing use of imported inputs in Brazilian production processes means that the benefits of sector growth are partly appropriated by other economies.
Argentina’s competitiveness matrix: The natural resource controversy and the country’s evolving trade position
This paper uses Fajnzylber and Mandeng’s competitiveness matrix to analyse the evolving structure of Argentine exports between 1985 and 2010. In particular, it seeks to identify links between the country’s export pattern, in which natural resources predominate, and the evolving structures of different markets: the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), the developing countries of Asia and the world. One of the main conclusions is that, although historically it has been the developed countries that have been responsible for the dominance of commodities in Argentina’s export pattern, in recent decades it has been the developing countries of Asia. In MERCOSUR, on the other hand, there has been an improvement in the pattern of Argentine exports. The article suggests that this has been driven by the bilateral agreements between Argentina and Brazil, especially in the automotive sector.
Local economic development policies in Chile’s municipalities: Beyond welfarism
To what extent are local economic development policies limited to a welfare approach in Chile? The hypothesis pursued in this work is that, taken together, these policies far exceed this paradigm. For the study, a register of 40 policy categories was taken by means of a reading and systematization of local economic development policies run by Chile’s municipalities through 69 District Development Plans (PLADECO). On average, municipalities propose actions in 16 of the 40 categories, but these, overall, are capable of encompassing in a satisfactory manner the various local economic development challenges faced by each municipality depending on the district’s production structure and situation.
The great divide: Economic complexity and development paths in Brazil and the Republic of Korea
This paper uses the product space methodology to gain new perspectives on the relationship between economic complexity and economic development, illustrated by case studies of Brazil and the Republic of Korea. It takes import data as an indicator of revealed comparative disadvantage to highlight the relevance of the local market. Product space networks for each decade between 1960 and 2000 are then presented, revealing the significant changes in each country’s position in the international division of labour. Lastly, a structural development index is used to measure economic development in each country. The revealed comparative advantage and disadvantage indices indicate that while both countries had similar levels of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in the early 1960s, the Republic of Korea saw faster growth than Brazil thanks to its early specialization in more complex, technology-intensive goods.
Models of the developmental state
This paper seeks to understand the developmental state and its historical role in industrial revolutions and afterwards. First, the developmental state is defined as an alternative to the liberal state. Second, it is argued that industrial revolutions have always taken place within the framework of a developmental state. Third, four models of developmental states are defined according to the point in time at which the industrial revolution took place and the central or peripheral character of the country. Fourth, the paper describes how the state withdraws partially from the economy after the industrial revolution, but the developmental state continues to have a major role in directing industrial policy and in conducting an active macroeconomic policy.
Older adults in the digital age in Latin America: Bridging the digital age divide
In recent decades, countries across Latin America have entered a stage of sustained population ageing. In parallel, changes associated with the rise of the digital society have profoundly transformed the way in which people in the region interact with each other and with their governments. This paper examines the use and appropriation of digital technologies among older adults in the region. In particular, it describes the evolution of Internet use by older adults in the region, using data from national household surveys; examines the determinants of Internet use among older adults, considering variables such as sex, ethnicity, education level and rural/urban residence using logistic regression analysis; and, lastly, highlights policies and programmes that are being implemented to promote the inclusion of older adults through the use of digital technologies.
The development of venture capital in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative perspective
Venture capital (VC) contributes to the financing of high-growth companies. In Latin America and the Caribbean, this capital is lower than in China and India as well as the developed economies. Nonetheless, between 2005 and 2011, regional VC investments grew by 30% per year. Venture capital investments in Latin America and the Caribbean tend to be larger, focus less on high-technology industries and are more likely to be funded from abroad than those in benchmark regions. Transactions in Latin America and the Caribbean are made by less experienced investors and in fewer rounds than in comparator countries. Venture capital growth has been quite procyclical. The evidence shows that VC investments are in the early stages of development, with apparently more money than high-technology ideas.
External constraints on the Cuban economy in the current environment of uncertainty
This study seeks to explore the external factors that are acting as constraints on the Cuban economy and to identify the main opportunities that are open to it and the main threats that it faces in the current context of uncertainty. In order to accomplish this, a balance-of-payments-constrained growth model is used which, unlike any other model of this type that has been used before, incorporates the effect of the different flows of foreign exchange on the short- and long-run growth paths ofthe Caribbean economy.
Labour market fluidity and employment outcomes in Colombia: Evidence from employer-employee linked data
Labour market flexibility has been a traditional subject of study in labour economics; recent literature has focused on the related concept of fluidity, broadly understood as the mobility of workers and jobs in the labour market. Here, we compute standard measures of fluidity for the Colombian urban labour market, finding evidence of increased fluidity, especially after 2010. Recent developments in equilibrium unemployment models predict, in general settings, a negative relationship between some fluidity measures and the equilibrium rate of unemployment. Recent literature on worker and job flows has identified benign aspects of fluidity, in that fluid labour markets are expected to have shorter average unemployment duration. We find evidence for a positive effect of fluidity on different employment and occupation indices using instrumental variable regression models that exploit variations in labour market outcomes and fluidity measures over time.
A multidimensional approach to the well-being of the population of the states of Mexico
This article adapts a multidimensional index of the well-being of the population in the Mexican States, based on the recommendations of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress (CMEPSP). This study's contributions can be summarized in three key points: (i) factor analysis of principal components is used, to allow for different weights of dimensions; (ii) consideration is given to inequality of material well-being within the population of each state, and; (iii) representative state data are considered for all dimensions. The results show that the dimensions of objective well-being have greater weights than the dimensions of subjective well-being, and that differences between weights of dimensions and indicators used are more important than their quantity or characteristics.
Short- and long-term ex post evaluation of community based environmental initiatives in Chile
This study contributes to the limited literature on environmental impact assessments by undertaking an ex post evaluation of a programme to improve the environment through various community-based initiatives that promote education and citizen participation in Chile. In line with the selection criteria for the projects and the nature of the data available, the instrumental variables method is used to determine this programme's effect on perceived problems associated with multiple environmental issues. The results reveal that, in the short term, only the perception of odour pollution improves, while, in the long term, the impact on that issue increases twofold and the perception of air pollution and pollution caused by stray dogs both improve by a similar magnitude.
Productive investment in Chile’s economic development: trend and challenges
This article reviews the trend of investment in Chile and its relationship with economic growth since the 1973 coup d’état; and it documents how investment remains the main growth driver. Notwithstanding that fact, innovation helps to mitigate diminishing returns from natural resources, while technology-intensive investment, such as broadband infrastructure, helps to diversify the production matrix. The article shows how a persistent increase in the investment ratio in 1990–1998 supported GDP growth of 7.1% per year; but since 1999 investment has wavered, and average growth dropped to below 4%. The article examines the macroeconomic environment and its real instability since 1999, along with investment in infrastructure, the quality of natural resources and environmental services; and it identifies challenges for boosting both investment and innovation, diversifying the production matrix and its agents, and moving towards inclusive growth.
The heterogeneity of effects of preschool education on cognitive outcomes in Latin America
This study applies a propensity score matching model to quantify the significance of preschool education in short- and medium-term academic results in several Latin American countries, using data from the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE) conducted among third and sixth grade pupils. The results vary by country and grade, with standard deviations ranging between 0.05 and 0.3. Third-grade reading and mathematics scores show an effect greater than 0.10 standard deviations in at least 10 countries, while 7 countries show the same effect for the three tests conducted in sixth grade.
Monetary regimes and labour institutions: An alternative interpretation of the downward trend in exchange-rate pass-through in peripheral countries
In recent years, several empirical studies have documented the decline in exchange-rate pass-through in peripheral countries. Conventional wisdom has interpreted this trend—verified in the last two decades—as the result of greater central bank credibility stemming from the implementation of formal inflation-targeting regimes. This paper offers an alternative interpretation, in line with the structuralist tradition, as it examines other instrumental transformations, concurrent with the establishment of inflationtargeting regimes, including ubiquitous labour market flexibilization. Empirical estimates for a set of peripheral countries for the period 1994–2016 show a marked correlation between the intensity of the exchange-rate pass-through and the weakening of labour market institutions.
Who has been driving the creation of industrial employment in Argentina? An analysis of the role of innovation
This paper analyses the relationship between innovation and job creation in firms. In particular, it seeks out data on the role played by innovation during the latest phase of expansion in Argentine manufacturing employment (2010–2012). It uses the model proposed by Harrison and others (2014), taking an instrumental variables approach and drawing data from the recently concluded National Survey of Employment Dynamics and Innovation (ENDEI). The results show that process innovations do not influence employment growth, but that this is positively affected by product innovations. The latter also enable production efficiency to be increased by more than it can with existing products. Where the composition of employment in terms of skills is concerned, product innovation is found not to present any particular bias.
Trade misinvoicing in copper products: a case study of Chile and Peru
This study examines the underinvoicing of exports of copper concentrates and refined copper cathodes from Chile and Peru. A novel methodology, which takes the industry’s standard contractual terms and insurance and freight costs into account, is used to reveal the existence of below-market unit prices in copper trading. A sharp decline since 2011 in the extent of underinvoicing reflects improvements in the area of international taxation in the two countries; however, this progress represents no more than the first steps towards the establishment of a strong enough legal framework and institutional structure for the proper oversight of mining activity in its entirety. Given the complexity of evaluating and inspecting transactions of mining products, attention is drawn to the importance of strengthening tax and customs administrations.
Petroleum consumption and economic growth relationship: Evidence from the Indian States
This paper reveals that over the period 1985-2013, the wealthier states of India experienced a prevalence of the feedback hypothesis between real gross domestic product growth and petroleum consumption in the short run and the long run. Over the short term, the whole (major) 23 Indian state panels show support for the conservative hypothesis. Regarding the panels comprising low- and middle-income Indian states, although there appeared to be significant bidirectional effects in the long run, none of the results suggest that energy consumption increases economic growth. This implies that growth in energy demand can be controlled without harming economic growth. The results, however, indicate that for the low- and middle-income states, increases in petroleum consumption could adversely affect economic activity in the short and long run. These findings relate to the aggregate data on petroleum. Examining the short-run and long-run energy-growth linkages using disaggregated data on petroleum consumption reveals that only a few types of petroleum products have stable long-run relationships with economic growth. In fact, with disaggregated petroleum data, the vector error correction model (VECM) and cointegration results support the neutral hypothesis for high-incomes states. For the low- and middle-income groups, while the conservation effect is found to prevail in the short run and the long run, higher economic growth appears to reduce consumption of selected types of petroleum products.
The importance of terms of trade in the Colombian economy
Commodities represent the lion's share of Colombia's exports, and the terms of trade are directly determined by the prices of these commodities, making a detailed analysis of this variable's impacts on the country's economy essential. This paper examines the effects of terms-of-trade shocks on output, investment, consumption, the trade balance, the real exchange rate and inflation in Colombia. An extensive database comprising 129 variables of economic activity in 2001–2016 was used, along with a FAVAR model. The results suggest that terms-of-trade shocks have significant impacts on the Colombian economy, as they explain roughly 5% of the variation in the country's economic activity, 8% in investment, 6% in the trade balance and 1% in the real exchange rate.
Challenges in innovation management for Latin America and the Caribbean: an efficiency analysis
Applying data envelopment analysis (DEA) to data from the 2016 Global Innovation Index (GII) (Cornell University/INSEAD/WIPO, 2016), the paper evaluates the efficiency of 19 Latin American and Caribbean economies in creating innovation-friendly environments. Where the region performs best is on infrastructure and adaptation of information and communication technologies (ICTs), but there are problems with human capital formation, the conduct and impact of research, and institutional aspects. The output of countries such as Chile and Colombia proved lower than expected given their factors, meaning that their strong innovation results are not matched by their efficiency management. Enhancing market functioning (competition, credit and investment) and knowledge absorption capacities is among the main challenges for the region.
China’s return migration and its impact on home development
I’m not broken, just bent
The German writer, Thomas Mann, having escaped fascism in 1933, wrote that he was “too much of a good German and too much linked to the cultural traditions and to the language of [his] country,” to be able to accept the idea of his exile without feeling extremely apprehensive.
The responsibility to protect
At the 2005 World Summit, all Heads of State and Government affirmed the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The responsibility to protect (commonly referred to as ‘RtoP’) rests upon three pillars of equal standing: the responsibility of each State to protect its populations (pillar I); the responsibility of the international community to assist States in protecting their populations (pillar II); and the responsibility of the international community to protect when a State is manifestly failing to protect its populations (pillar III). The adoption of the principle in 2005 constituted a solemn commitment, which included much expectation of a future free of these crimes.
Global and National Leadership in Good Governance
Climate Change and Conflict: The Tail Wagging the Dog or New, Cascading Tensions and Inequalities?
Migration, sustainable development and the role of business
A global partnership for development
Towards universal primary education
Commit to love and respect our planet
Cyberconflicts and national security
The role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in counteracting threats to peace and security
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established as a multilateral association to ensure security and maintain stability across the vast Eurasian region, join forces to counteract emerging challenges and threats, and enhance trade, as well as cultural and humanitarian cooperation.
Vignettes from my half a century : alongside the group of 77
The evolving role of the United Nations in securing human rights
From the vantage point of the twenty-first century, it is sometimes easy to forget just how revolutionary the concept of human rights is. Few who witnessed the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 could have imagined its impact over the last seven decades. International law no longer governs only relations among States. Rather, the treatment of individuals by States is a matter of international law and concern. Today, people who have been abused or silenced at the national level regularly speak at the United Nations Human Rights Council, or bring complaints about violations of human rights treaties to Committees of experts. The voices of the voiceless are now amplified at the international level.