Good Health and Well-Being

The digital space represents a global interaction and communication sphere for all people. In this sphere children connect with young people and adults across almost all countries, cultures and age groups. The constant improvement and implementation of automatic translation programs, for example in social media, also means that language barriers in the digital space are becoming increasingly blurred. This evolution, which is actually to be welcomed, promises at best the emergence of a kind of Internet-based global society, but it also presents a dark side. Criminology assumes that many forms of crime - regardless of the respective national criminal law - typically arise from interaction between people. There are few arguments to argue against the fact that this is not the case on the Internet - which actually makes it the first truly widespread and global crime scene in the world. Children, too, are a natural part of this educated global scene (or space) and are thus exposed to the digital forms of crime that go hand in hand with it. At the European level, children aged 9-16 spend an average of 167 minutes each day online (Smahel et al. 2019). In Germany alone, 97 percent of minors aged 12 and over use the Internet several times a week (Feierabend et al. 2020). Children are also intrinsically confronted with the digital risks of this area. These risks range from cybergrooming and sexual harassment in social media and online games, to the confrontation with extremism and violent content, to risks such as cyberbullying and stalking (cf. Bötticher 2020; Gabriel 2020; Rüdiger 2020). Almost 25 percent of children in the European Union who use the Internet have already reported having had at least one negative online experience in the past year (Smahel et al. 2019). The U-25 study from Germany even speaks of minors perceiving the Internet as a culture of injustice (Borchard et al. 2018).

“Man is by nature a social animal” proclaimed Aristotle. This characteristic has made us organize into complex hierarchical societies where individuals are interdependent to satisfy basic necessities. Although we all know that social distancing is the most effective way to contain the spread of coronavirus, this is something biologically unnatural for humans.1 In this health emergency, many governments have decided to impose strict measures to limit social interactions to an absolute minimum. Lockdowns, limitations of movement of people and closure of borders have all been necessary measures for the good of societies.

The global spread of COVID-19 has dramatically impacted our lives. In an effort to contain the virus, governments across the globe have resorted to social distancing, home lockdowns, and isolation policies. However, such measures can have a negative impact on people’s mental well-being, put pressure on their relationships and cause stress, thus potentially contributing to an increase in violence and aggression within households. A recent review of the psychological impact of quarantine measures confirms that isolation can produce several negative emotional effects, such as post-traumatic stress syndrome, emotion regulation problems, depression, and increased feelings of stress. Experiencing stress and powerlessness is associated with an increased risk of violent victimization. Perpetrator and victims often know each other. The combination of stress-inducing factors due to the lockdown and potentially living together with a perpetrator of violence may trigger an increase and worsening of various forms of violence within the household.

In his remarks to the High-level Meeting on Mali and the Sahel held on the margins of the General Debate of the 74th session of the UN General Assembly, the Secretary General António Guterres acknowledged the increasing threat posed by the rise of violence in the Sahel and its spreading towards the Gulf of Guinea. He also warned about terrorist groups exploiting local conflicts and acting as defenders of communities to enhance their popularity and local support. As a matter of fact, countries in the Sahel region have been experiencing a significant increase in the level of violence, resulting in severe consequences for the population. According to Mohamed Ibn Chambas, UN Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS), the casualties caused by terrorist attacks in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, have increased five-fold since 2016. The fragile circumstances and the deteriorating security situation have also pushed many people to flee their homes, with more than one million refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) sheltered in the central Sahel.

Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, no clear evidence has emerged of a significant decrease in the supply of drugs at the global level, including in Italy, even after the quarantine was extended to the entire country.

نوكيس .هانفرع يذلا ملاعلا نع افلتخم نوكيس مداقلا ملاعلا لوقت اذكه .ةيحلا سانجلأل اماترحا رثكأو ،لوهجملل اريدقت رثكأ.غنيم غنوي ياشت ةرعاشلا

قاطن لىع ةّيلودلا ةفاحصلا تلوادت يرثكلا انعمسو .تيوتريد ةمزأ عساو في ةيكيرملأا ةنيدلما هذه سلافإ نع يهو ،اهتضهن نع مث 2013 ويلوي لىع اهتايناكمإ لكب تنهار يتلا ةنيدلما .ءشي لك تسرخو …تارايسلا ةعانص ةيسورلا ندلما نع ليلقلا لاإ عمسن مل يتلا دحاولا يداصتقلاا طاشنلا تاذ ،ندلما هذه ددع غلبي .يرصلما سفن تيقل 319 ،عناصلما-ندلما اضيأ ىّمسُت يتلا؟اهعضو تزواجت فيك .ايسور في ةنيدم

رثكأ لمش ،دهعلا ثيدح قيقحت فشك ،ةدحتلما تايلاولا في ةيدلب سيئر ةئام نم طبترم ليحلما ىوتسلما لىع عضولا نأ ينلوؤسلما ءلاؤه ةدارإ ىدمب يربك دح لىإ ددجلا نيدفاولل قوقحلا سفنب ةبلاطلماب ةيلاردفلا تاسايسلا ددشت مامأ دومصلاو .ةرجهلاب ةقلعتلما

صانم لاف ،انافاه لىع ملاكلا عقو اذإ ...رلغنيبس لايل ويبيسوأ ركذ نم اهخرؤم اهل ىرخأ ةنيدم دجوت لهو فراشم لىع ؟انافاه ىدع صيوصخلا سيسأتل ةسماخلا ةيوئلماب لافتحلاا خرؤم ةقفر انبهذ ،ةيبوكلا ةمصاعلا لامعأ ةنس ينثلاث ذنم دوقي يذلا ةنيدلما في اعم لوجتنل ،يخيراتلا اهزكرم ميمرت فشتكنو ،ةيرثلأا اهلماعم ينبو اهعراوش امو ...لامجو ةوق نم هب مستت ام .راضرأ نم هتدبكت

ةيلصلأا ةيلحلما تاعمتجلما ضعب ةردق ةيلماعلا ةيحصلا ةمزلأا تزربأ ام ردقب هذه ناكس ىدل ةشاشهلا نطاوم لىع ،صوصخلاب ،تفشك ،دومصلا لىع ءوسو ،رقف نم هنوناعي ام ءاّرج ةيدعلما ضارملأل نوضرعتي نيذلا تاعمتجلما .ةيحصلا ةياعرلا لئاسو نم ةدافتسا ةّلقو ،ةيذغت

يبيراكلاو ةينيتلالا اكيرمأ ةقطنم ناكس لىع ةيحصلا ةمزلأل ةيعامتجلاا تايعادتلا تناك عاطقلا يمانت وأ ،ةسارّدلا نع عاطقنلاا وأ ،يدرفلا لخّدلا عجارت ثيح نم ءاوس ،ةميخو مدعو ةيعامتجلاا تاتوافتلا عاسّتا يدافت لجأ نمو .ةلاطبلل ّداحلا عافترلاا وأ ،يمسّرلا يرغ .ًلادع رثكأو ًانماضت رثكأ يعامتجا ماظن ةماقإ لىإ انايثتاب انيراك وعدت ،ةاواسلما

Countries in the Asian and the Pacific region provide an interesting panorama of legal systems and the dynamics of developmental change. For demographers, social scientists and health lawyers, this panorama offers not only rich material for research but also a challenge to find meaningful solutions to the many and varied developmental problems of these countries. Increasingly, it is being realized that legislation is an important tool of developmental change and this article examines how law can influence population and developmental planning in the Asian and the Pacific region.

Since 1950, population growth rates in developing countries have averaged around 2 per cent per year, enough to double the size of a country’s population in 35 years. The calculation is not merely hypothetical; the population of the developing world (Africa, Latin America and Asia, except Japan) has in fact doubled between 1950, when it numbered 1.7 billion, and 1984, when it reached 3.6 billion.

Poor health hampers economic, growth in the South Pacific and is reflected in the relatively high mortality rates and short life expectancy found in the subregion.

The joint-extended household in which married sons co-reside with their parents and one another is not idealized by Sri Lankan society the way it is by various cultures of the Indian subcontinent. However, it cannot be said that the extended family or kin group is unimportant. It is central in the determination of marriage partners, in determining the education of children, and in caring for the economic welfare of its members (Nyrop et al., 1971 Chapter 7).

The authors of this article are M. Mazharul Islam, Associate Professor, and Mamun Mahmud, research student, both in the Department of Statistics, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

During the past 50 years, some countries in the Asia-Pacific region have achieved virtual control over infectious diseases which used to be endemic among their respective populations, while other countries are still fighting these battles.

Over the past three or four decades, most countries in the Asia-Pacific region have achieved steady decreases in mortality, but many problem areas remain (see vol. 1, No. 2 of this Journal, pp. 57-59). Mortality rates in rural or certain geographical areas are much higher than the national averages. Death rates for infants, children and women of child-bearing age frequently remain unacceptably high. In some countries, the pace of mortality decline has slowed long before low rates of mortality have been achieved.

By 2020, Sri Lanka will experience South Asia’s most rapid population ageing

The new policy has succeeded in increasing the annual number of births, but fertility remains below the replacement level

A great disparity exists in human development among the 75 districts in Nepal.

Fertility in Bangladesh is high even by the standards of developing countries. Recent evidence suggests that fertility has started to decline in Bangladesh (Amin and others, 1993). The total fertility rate has declined from nearly seven births per woman in 1975 to about five births per women in 1989 and by 1990 this rate was well below five births (Cleland and others, 1994; Caldwell and Caldwell, 1992). A number of demographers have argued that the mechanism of this steep fertility decline was the consequence of a recent increase in contraceptive prevalence within marriage (Amin and others, 1990; Cleland and others, 1994; Cleland, 1993). In Indonesia, research suggests that fertility decline resulted mainly from a high rate of increased use of contraception which was induced primarily through economic development and an increasing rate of female education as well as greater work force participation (Gertler and Molyneaux, 1994). It is of great concern to policy makers to know the reasons why other socio-economic, demographic and cultural variables do not seem to contribute to a decline in fertility in Bangladesh. Such variables are important for a study of fertility; investigations are needed in order to produce findings. Reliable information about the factors influencing fertility is indispensable in the process of planning for the overall socioeconomic development of a developing country such as Bangladesh. Human fertility is the outcome of the function of a number of variables within a complex process. The mechanism of factors affecting fertility is that intermediate variables influence fertility directly, while socio-economic and environmental variables affect fertility indirectly through intermediate variables (see, for example, Davis and Blake, 1956; Bongaarts, 1978; Bongaarts and others, 1984). This study is an initial framework for the classification of variables to be analysed using the path analytical approach. In the context of Bangladesh, only a few studies, not all of them nationally representative, have been carried out to examine the effects of various factors on fertility (Ahmed, 1981; Rob and Kabir, 1988; Islam and Khan, 1991). These studies provide very useful information. Ahmed’s study was based on national data of the 1975 Bangladesh Fertility Survey and two other studies based on a micro-level study.

Before solutions to population problems can be formulated and implemented, planners and policy-makers must have access to population information and database analysis. In the Asian and Pacific region, India has long been active in providing such data and information through various publications. From 1872 until 1941, data relating to population were printed in a separate volume for each of India’s States or provinces and princely States etc. Each of the volumes was preceeded by an analytical report. Thus, there were generally two volumes on a particular State or province, giving complete information pertaining to the population census. In addition, a number of volumes were also published relating to ancillary studies which have traditionally been a part of India’s population censuses.

More attention should be paid to the quality of care offered by family welfare assistants instead of focusing on quantitative targets

Marriage marks the beginning of socially sanctioned exposure to pregnancy and sets the course of subsequent childbearing. Thus, the age of a woman at marriage is one of the most important proximate determinants of the aggregate level of fertility (Bongaarts and Potter, 1983). Age at marriage is also an important indicator of women’s status (Safilios-Rothschild, 1986). An increase in the age at marriage also means minimizing first births to teenage mothers, which is known to carry a higher risk for the mother and child (Hobcraft, 1987). Because of its role in determining the fertility level, improving women’s and children’s health, and enhancing women’s status, increasing age at marriage has been an important domain of public policy-making (Henry and Piotrow, 1979). Most countries, for example, have imposed legal sanctions on age at first marriage. The identification of factors affecting the age at marriage is therefore of paramount interest for multiple reasons.

The author is with Pakistan’s National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad.

The health crisis, and the subsequent widespread lockdowns worldwide, have led to a surge in violence against women. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Executive Director of UN Women, warns that women’s rights could be diminished as a result of the pandemic.

Epidemics and pandemics are not new phenomena. Leprosy, plague, cholera and smallpox have all left their deadly mark on human history. They have also led humans to question themselves, and often result in positive change.

The first effective attempt to promote children’s rights was the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb in 1923 and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924. On 20 November 1959, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a much expanded version as its own Declaration of the Rights of the Child, with ten principles in place of the original five. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights, describing child-specific needs and rights.3 These human rights included civil cultural, economic, political, and social rights, as well as aspects of humanitarian law.3 The UNCRC was signed in 1989, and entered into force in 1990. As of May 2010, it had 193 parties which had ratified, accepted, or acceded with stated reservations or interpretations, including every member of the United Nations except Somalia and the United States, which have only signed.

It is very apt that the evolution of the HIV/MDS epidemic should be considered in the context of global health. One of the critical aspects of global health as a field of study and practice is that it seeks not only the general improvement of health in the world, but more importantly seeks to reduce the inequalities between peoples—inequalities that in essence represent inequities. There will be no substantial improvement in global health unless there is concomitant international health in the sense of nations and their component actors working together. Success in addressing the problem of HIV is, and indeed will be, a marvellous test case of the ability of nations to work cooperatively, and the characteristics of the infection bring out clearly the inequities that exist within and between countries, which must be eliminated.

In 1978, the Declaration of Alma-Ata at the International Conference on Primary Health Care launched primary health care as a route to better health for all. The ambition was bold. The Declaration of Alma-Ata responded to a world characterized by vast and largely avoidable differences in the health status of populations, and mapped out a strategy for reducing these gaps through fundamental changes in the way health systems were organized and care delivered. As the Declaration of Alma-Ata argued, enlightened policy that made fair access to health care an explicit objective could raise the level of health within populations, enabling people to lead socially and economically productive lives, and thus driving overall development.

En février 2018, lors de la Conférence internationale sur la reconstruction de l’Iraq, à Koweït, l’UNESCO lançait l’initiative « Faire revivre l’esprit de Mossoul », rassemblant sous son égide la communauté internationale en vue de participer à la reconstruction de cette ville, décimée par la guerre, les pillages et les destructions. Cette reconstruction doit s’inscrire dans l’histoire de la ville, une histoire plurielle, au croisement des cultures et des religions du Moyen-Orient.

C’est un « grenier tricontinental » qu’Alain Mabanckou parcourt, cherchant dans le passé ce qui éclaire le présent. Comment lire l’histoire coloniale ? Quel sens donner à la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain ? Et le romancier, dans tout ça ? L’écrivain franco-congolais en parle, en toute simplicité.

Les dirigeants africains doivent embrasser la quatrième révolution industrielle (4RI) pour sortir le continent de la pauvreté et le propulser vers un avenir meilleur, affirme le spécialiste en intelligence artificielle (IA) sud-africain Tshilidzi Marwala.

Una encuesta, efectuada recientemente entre más de 100 alcaldes estadounidenses, muestra que estos pueden hacer mucho si están resueltos a exigir la igualdad de derechos para los inmigrantes recién llegados a sus ciudades y a propiciar reformas para afrontar la política migratoria cada vez más restrictiva del gobierno federal.

L’écrivain Thomas B. Reverdy a quasiment toujours choisi l’espace urbain comme cadre de ses romans. Obsédé par « l’insoutenable présence de l’absence » dans nos villes déshumanisées, il imagine l’éclosion de minuscules résistances.

Decir Eusebio Leal Spengler es decir La Habana, ¿o acaso habrá alguna otra ciudad que tenga su historiador personal? En vísperas del 500º aniversario de la fundación de la capital cubana, el Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana, a cargo de la restauración de su centro histórico desde hace unos treinta años, la recorre con nosotros, mostrándonos su fuerza, su belleza… y sus achaques.

En avril 2019, Sharjah (Émirats arabes unis) devient la Capitale mondiale du livre. Elle invite le public à emprunter le pont du savoir et aller à la rencontre de la diversité des cultures et des peuples.

La Havane fait actuellement ses derniers préparatifs pour célébrer en beauté les 500 ans de sa fondation, en novembre 2019. Des édifices emblématiques du centre historique de la capitale cubaine font peau neuve. Une renaissance exceptionnelle est en cours depuis une trentaine d’années, qui est l’oeuvre de l’engagement de ses habitants, de la détermination d’un homme de poigne et d’une volonté politique vigoureuse.

With the adoption of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its relevant Goals (SDGs) in 2015, the United Nations with Goal 4 renewed its mission for better education of children and young people worldwide. While the earlier Millennium Development Goals focused on access to primary education, the 2030 Agenda goes beyond this. With Goal 4 and its focus on quality education, the international community recognizes that learning goals in themselves are not enough – it is important to aim for both the quality of education as well as the social and emotional well-being of students, in order to achieve substantial learning outcomes.

For Immanuel Kant, our senses are the gate to perceive information from the environment and to generate our knowledge. Yet, in the age of advanced technology, our senses are easily becoming subject of manipulation. In such context, the fundamental question arises whether we, humans with manipulated sense, can continue relying on our own decision making. There has been an unprecedent progress in the quality of techniques for human image synthesis based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), which can manipulate our sense of sight. Deepfakes constitutes the most famous example of it. In just few years, many alarming examples of fake content have involved politicians, governments, technology leaders, and media celebrities. What does this mean for our future, the future of our societies and the future of our countries? What will this manipulation entail at the moment we exercise our rights as citizens and voters? Perhaps instead of jumping into the complexity of these questions, it is worth focusing on how our collective efforts can help us preventing technology from manipulating our senses. This consideration served as a guiding principal for the solution developed by the Open|DSE team in response to the UNICRI challenge at the Hackathon for Peace, Justice and Security (The Hague, June 2019). Before proceeding with the description of the solution, let’s have a closer look at the AI technology behind the creation of this fake content.

My primary impulse to write an article on HIV/AIDS came from my fundamental desire to contribute and to collaborate. I realize that my behaviour is founded upon a deeply-rooted sense of duty, a strong commitment, and a profound necessity. Psychologists refer to attitude as the disposition of a person confronting the world (the psychological view), which, once transported to a social setting, becomes values (the sociological view).

The international community has reached the first part of Millennium Development Goal 6: halting and reversing the spread of HIV. At least fifty-six countries have either stabilized or reduced new HIV infections by more than 25 per cent in the past ten years, and this is especially evident in sub-Saharan Africa, the region most affected by the epidemic. New HIV infections among children have dropped by 25 per cent, a significant step towards achieving the virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission by 2015. In addition, today more than five million people are on antiretroviral treatment, which has reduced AIDS-related deaths by more than 20 per cent in the past five years. However, with more than 33 million people living with HIV today, 2.6 million new HIV infections, and nearly 2 million deaths in 2009, the gains made in the AIDS response are fragile.

These are the days of big data and security breaches. This is a long-distance call to action. With the risks of governments rolling back data privacy regulations and explosive data processing controversies involving social media and companies, it is clear we need to talk about online privacy.