Human Settlements and Urban Issues
#Housing2030: Effective Policies for Affordable Housing in the UNECE Region
The study explores housing affordability challenges and existing policy instruments for improving housing affordability in the regions covered by UNECE and presents examples of "good practices" in improving housing affordability among countries and cities. The study focuses on four topics namely: housing governance and regulation; access to finance and funding; access and availability of land for housing construction; and Climate-neutral housing construction and renovation.
People-Smart Sustainable Cities
This publication advocates a “cities-based” approach to sustainable development which recognizes the central and integrating role that cities and urban living play in developing sustainability. It highlights that similarly to the financial crisis of 2008 the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic has shown that different cities have different capacities to cope with crises. Both crises disproportionally affected different cities and population groups; the most vulnerable suffering most. Cities need to develop innovative methods to confront infectious diseases without relying on drastic lockdown restrictions.
Arab Human Development Report 2022
The Arab Human Development Report 2022 focuses on post-COVID recovery assessing long standing development challenges across the spheres of governance society and economy—tackling aspects of gender; youth; education and health; multi-dimensional poverty; impacts on economic sectors MSMEs and labour markets; displacement and migration; and nature and climate change challenges—to put the region on a resilient and sustainable human development path. The report also assesses adequacy and efficacy of response policies especially where the pandemic has led to widening inequalities and exacerbated existing challenges in such areas as public service provision including social protection care education healthcare and vaccine rollout. The report provides concrete recommendations on how to guide a resilient sustainable equitable and inclusive recovery. It calls on Arab States to act quickly decisively and at scale to assess evaluate and strengthen capabilities and capacities and build effective and trustworthy institutional structures that can support a new social contract to better help societies cope with future shocks and disasters.
State of World Population 2007
In 2008 for the first time in history more than half of the world’s population 3.3 billion people will be living in urban areas. Urbanization—the increase in the urban share of total population—is inevitable but it can also be positive. This Report looks beyond current problems. It examines the implications of impending urban growth and discusses what needs to be done with specific attention to poverty reduction and sustainability.
تقرير التنمية البشرية 2021/2022
Continuing the thread of the 2019 and 2020 Human Development Reports (HDRs) the 2021/22 HDR carries forward a conversation centered on inequalities while integrating other important themes related to uncertainties in the Anthropocene: societal-level transformations mental health impacts political polarization but also crucially opportunity. The Report explores how uncertainty in the Anthropocene is changing what is driving it what it means for human development and how we can thrive in spite of it. The Report argues that in the end doubling down on human development is central to a more prosperous future for all.
Rapport sur le développement humain 2021/2022
Dans la continuité des Rapports sur le développement humain (RDH) 2019 et 2020 le RDH 2021/22 poursuit une conversation centrée sur les inégalités tout en intégrant d'autres thématiques importantes liées aux incertitudes de l'Anthropocène : transformations sociétales impacts sur la santé mentale polarisation politique mais aussi et surtout une opportunité. Le rapport explore comment l'incertitude dans l'Anthropocène évolue ce qui la motive ce qu'elle signifie pour le développement humain et comment nous pouvons prospérer malgré cela. Le rapport soutient qu'en fin de compte doubler le développement humain est essentiel à un avenir plus prospère pour tous.
人类发展报告 2021/2022
Continuing the thread of the 2019 and 2020 Human Development Reports (HDRs) the 2021/22 HDR carries forward a conversation centered on inequalities while integrating other important themes related to uncertainties in the Anthropocene: societal-level transformations mental health impacts political polarization but also crucially opportunity. The Report explores how uncertainty in the Anthropocene is changing what is driving it what it means for human development and how we can thrive in spite of it. The Report argues that in the end doubling down on human development is central to a more prosperous future for all.
Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2021/2022
Continuando con el hilo de los Informes sobre Desarrollo Humano (IDH) de 2019 y 2020 el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2021/22 lleva adelante una conversación centrada en las desigualdades al tiempo que integra otros temas importantes relacionados con las incertidumbres en el Antropoceno: transformaciones a nivel social impactos en la salud mental polarización política. pero también crucialmente oportunidad. El Informe explora cómo está cambiando la incertidumbre en el Antropoceno qué la impulsa qué significa para el desarrollo humano y cómo podemos prosperar a pesar de ella. El Informe sostiene que al final duplicar el desarrollo humano es fundamental para un futuro más próspero para todos.
Доклад о Человеческом Развитии 2021-2022
Continuing the thread of the 2019 and 2020 Human Development Reports (HDRs) the 2021/22 HDR carries forward a conversation centered on inequalities while integrating other important themes related to uncertainties in the Anthropocene: societal-level transformations mental health impacts political polarization but also crucially opportunity. The Report explores how uncertainty in the Anthropocene is changing what is driving it what it means for human development and how we can thrive in spite of it. The Report argues that in the end doubling down on human development is central to a more prosperous future for all.
Smart Sustainable Cities Profiles: Ålesund, Asker, Bærum, Rana and Trondheim, Norway
The Sustainable Smart City Profiles of Ålesund Asker Bærum Rana and Trondheim; Norway; were developed based on the evaluation of the cities’ performance against the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart and Sustainable Cities (SSC). The cities’ profiles include an analysis of the outcomes of the KPI evaluations; information on the cities’ policies programmes projects and partnerships that accelerate cities' progress towards achieving the SDGs; and policy recommendations for city actions to improve the cities’ performance.
World Cities Report 2022
World Cities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities seeks to provide greater clarity and insights into the future of cities based on existing trends challenges and opportunities as well as disruptive conditions including the valuable lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest ways that cities can be better prepared to address a wide range of shocks and transition to sustainable urban futures. The Report proposes a state of informed preparedness that provides us with the opportunity to anticipate change correct the course of action and become more knowledgeable of the different scenarios or possibilities that the future of cities offers. The Report reaffirms that the vision for the future of cities must embody the “new social contract” in the form of universal basic income universal health coverage and universal housing and basic services.
Crisis Resilient Urban Futures: The Future of Asian and Pacific Cities 2023
This report is a comprehensive analysis and assessment of sustainable urban development in the Asia and Pacific region at a time of great disruption and uncertainty resulting from multiple interlinked global crises in a post pandemic era. This report aims to provide valuable insights into the spatial economic social environmental and governance aspects of cities offering holistic policy recommendations towards a sustainable urban recovery from these crises. Understanding the dynamics and characteristics of its cities is crucial for national and local governments businesses local communities researchers and urban planners. With this report ESCAP and UN-Habitat continue their collaboration to provide an updated reliable resource for decision-makers seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the trends challenges and future opportunities within the Asia-Pacific cities landscape. The report builds on three previous editions in this series each of which explored the key existing and emerging trends in urban development within the region. This report continues the forward-looking perspective capturing the transformative messages of the New Urban Agenda (2016) and continuing the thematic tracks established in the 2019 edition of this report. The current edition also set a much-needed agenda for a sustainable urban recovery across the region. The 2023 report is released in a year where progress against SDG 11 on ‘sustainable cities and communities’ is under review globally by the UN General Assembly.
Country Profiles on Urban Development, Housing and Land Management
The Country Profile of the Republic of San Marino was prepared at the request of the Government of the Republic of San Marino. The study commenced with an evaluation of the country against the UNECE Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities developed jointly with ITU. The study provides action-oriented recommendations which aim to help the country realize its vision of further improving the quality of life of its inhabitants.
Trapped: High Inequality and Low Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean
Latin America and the Caribbean is a region of great contrasts where wealth and prosperity coexist with vulnerability and extreme poverty. The list of contrasts is long and familiar. The region is also characterized by very volatile and low average growth explained by low productivity. This Regional Human Development Report argues that the region is caught in a double trap of high inequality and low growth. These two phenomena interact in a vicious circle that limits the ability to advance on all fronts of human development. Understanding the nature of the trap is critical to breaking free from it.
Smart Sustainable Cities Profile: Grodno, Belarus
The Smart Sustainable Cities Profile for Grodno Belarus presents the outcomes of the city evaluation against the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) and proposes actions for the city to make progress towards achieving the SDGs. It provides guidance for Grodno city and regional governments for the development review and implementation of urban policies programmes and projects and for building partnerships with a view to reinforcing the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDG11 at city level.
План действий по восстановлению после COVID-19 для неформальных поселений в регионе ЕЭК
The COVID-19 Recovery Action Plan for Informal Settlements in the UNECE Region is dealing with both – the new challenges created by COVID-19 and the pre-existing ones while also addressing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This Recovery Action Plan targeted at national and local governments in the ECE region provides an extensive list of goals targets and actions that can be advanced by governments local authorities residents community leaders non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders to help mitigate and/or prevent the COVID-19 pandemic spread. It is also designed to help build back better to achieve greater resilience against future pandemic risks while simultaneously helping to achieve the Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with a particular focus on SDG 11 on sustainable cities and human settlements.
Strengthening Consumer Protection in the Provision of Health Services in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic
This report contributes to improving consumer protection in the provision of health services by exploring the scope for both operational and conceptual exchange. It covers representation and redress for consumers to improvement mechanisms for treating consumer grievances. It also addresses the interplay of different national agencies and the international legal and institutional frameworks. The result has been a reproduction in the health sector of the ‘poor pay more syndrome’ identified in consumer policy research during the 1960s and 1970s in retail markets in high income countries and to which attention was drawn by UNCTAD in its 2017 Consumer Protection Manual. This is reflected today in the low-income countries by high levels of ‘out of pocket’ payments by low-income consumers outside social protection systems and thus with lower levels of access. This syndrome has been thrown into sharp relief by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Обзор характеристик «умных» устойчивых городов: Гродно, Беларусь
The Smart Sustainable Cities Profile for Grodno Belarus presents the outcomes of the city evaluation against the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) and proposes actions for the city to make progress towards achieving the SDGs. It provides guidance for Grodno city and regional governments for the development review and implementation of urban policies programmes and projects and for building partnerships with a view to reinforcing the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDG11 at city level.
Human Development Report 2023/2024
Today collective action on challenges ranging from climate change mitigation to peace and security is frustratingly slow or stymied altogether. Lack of trust and polarization--both associated with insecurity--exacerbate the gridlock. Shared interlinked global challenges like the pandemic and its recovery are outpacing our willingness and our institutions capacities to respond to them.Why despite all our riches and technologies are we so stuck? How do we get unstuck? Is it possible to mobilize action to address globally shared challenges in a world that is intensively polarized? The 2023-2024 Human Development Report explores these issues and offers a platform for strategic discussion on how to move beyond narrow zero-sum thinking and support cooperation even as we have diverging interests and views. The e-book for this publication has been converted into an accessible format for the visually impaired and people with print reading disabilities. It is fully compatible with leading screen-reader technologies such as JAWS and NVDA.
Urban Climate Action: The Urban Content of the NDCs - Global Review 2022
This report was prepared by United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat) and the UNESCO Chair on Urban Resilience at the University of Southern Denmark. It offers a global analysis of the urban content of 193 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) before the 19th of June 2022. For this report more than 200 indicators were used to analyse external data (e.g. Human Development Index and income categorisation) and data within the NDCs including climate mitigation and adaptation challenges and responses as well as specific sectors.
History Under Attack: Holocaust Denial and Distortion on Social Media
This publication by the United Nations and UNESCO with the support of the World Jewish Congress studies the extent and nature of Holocaust denial and distortion on Facebook Instagram Telegram TikTok and Twitter in English French German and Spanish. It finds that Holocaust distortion and denial on social media remains a significant cause of concern across all platforms and based on the empirical findings provides recommendations for policymakers international organizations civil society academia educators and social media platforms.
Smart Sustainable Cities Profile: Podgorica, Montenegro
The Smart Sustainable City Profile of Podgorica was developed based on the results of the evaluation of the performance of the city against the Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities. This City Profile includes an analysis of the outcomes of the evaluation information on the city’s policies programmes projects and partnerships that aim to accelerate the city’s progress towards achieving the SDGs as well as policy recommendations for consideration of the city government.
Управление и операции по эксплуатационному обслуживанию
Большинство кондоминиумов в Западной Европе и Соединенных Штатах Америки создаются на законных основаниях до завершения их строительства путем направления соглашения о создании кондоминиума в соответствующий муниципалитет. В странах с переходной экономикой большинство кондоминиумов формировались на основе существовавших зданий и бывшие арендаторы становились владельцами единиц. В этом случае муниципалитеты призваны играть определенную роль в оказании специальной консультативной поддержки и помощи при формировании и регистрации ассоциации кондоминиума и владельцев.
General overview of the country situation
The Republic of Belarus is located in Eastern Europe. To the west the country borders with Poland in the northwest with Lithuania in the north with Latvia in the northeast and east with the Russian Federation and in the south with Ukraine.
Executive summary
This summary provides an overview of the current housing urban development and land management situation in Belarus reflects on the progress made since the 2008 Country Profile and makes selected policy recommendations.
Foreword
The Country Profiles on Housing and Land Management (CPs) are intended to assist Governments to improve the performance of their housing urban development and land management sectors and at the same time promote sustainable development. The profiles analyse trends and policy developments and make an overall assessment of the political economic and social framework of these sectors. This work was initiated by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Committee on Housing and Land Management in the early 1990s in response to requests from ECE member States.
Financial framework for housing, urban development and land management
Since gaining independence in 1991 the Government of the Republic of Belarus has paid great attention to housing policy including financial support for the housing sector. In the Republic housing policy is shaped by five-year plans - the current one is the National programme “Housing Construction” for 2016-2020.119 As discussed in chapter 2 the main goal of this policy is to increase access to affordable and quality housing by establishing the conditions necessary to meet housing need.
Preface
This Country Profile on Housing and Land Management of Belarus was requested by the Government of the Republic of Belarus through its Ministry of Architecture and Construction. The Review began in December 2017 with the preparatory mission by the UNECE secretariat during which the final structure of the Country Profile was agreed upon. A fact-finding mission by the international expert team was carried out in May-June 2018.
Housing sector and housing construction
Generally the housing sector has a well-developed legal framework. A distinctive feature of the legal system is its considerable range of authorities and direct regulation of many housing issues by Presidential decrees.
Acknowledgements
This review was prepared in collaboration with UN-Habitat. The preparation of this Profile was made possible through the extrabudgetary funds kindly provided by the Russian Federation. The Government of the Republic of Belarus made national experts available for the study. The Governments the Russian Federation and the Netherlands provided in-kind contribution through their experts’ participation and their work on chapters of the study. The UN-Habitat financed the participation of an international expert who drafted the chapter on urban planning. The successful conclusion of the Profile would not have been possible without the generous support received from all contributors.
Housing affordability
This chapter examines housing affordability especially for vulnerable groups of the population. The chapter was developed through an analysis based on the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA).
Land administration and management
Significant progress in land administration has been made since the last Belarus Country Profile in 2008. Most of the recommendations were followed up and have led to much more effective land administration. The policy framework has been improved as has the quality of registers and registries of the State land cadastre. These include the real estate register land value register land plots unified register of administrative-territorial and territorial units including the address and price register. All of this has particularly improved the information supply from internet portals concerning spatial and administrative data from various registers.
Urban development
The market economy is gradually changing the spatial structure of Belarusian cities: the cost of housing in central areas is increasing and there has been an increase in office and retail space in the centre compared to residential development. For many cities the growing need for space is caused not so much by an increase in inhabitants as by social and economic requirements. These include the need to provide people with better housing to create public spaces and places for recreation as well as changes in transportation communication systems and production processes.
Planificación urbana y del transporte a partir de relaciones de interdependencia y movilidad del cuidado
Uno de los principales aciertos del enfoque de movilidad es que ha logrado develar aspectos del territorio que otras miradas muchas veces no logran mostrar: el habitar cotidiano el medio ambiente la movilidad residencial las migraciones la interdependencia la alimentación los temas laborales o el uso de tecnologías en la ciudad. El enfoque de movilidad intenta comprender tanto el movimiento como las experiencias y los significados que emergen de la misma y busca ampliar (e incluso cuestionar) las nociones clásicas sobre el transporte: el viaje cotidiano ya no es percibido como tiempo muerto sino como una práctica social y cultural. Como objeto de estudio de las ciencias sociales la movilidad puede permitir avances importantes en términos interdisciplinarios a los estudios de transporte la planificación urbana o estudios de infraestructuras especialmente en cuanto a las metodologías que definen sus intervenciones.
Introducción
Desde sus lejanos orígenes las ciudades han sido lugares de concentración de poderes y recursos y un espacio político de trasformación de las relaciones sociales. De este modo han estado indisolublemente ligadas a las estructuras económicas y políticas de una sociedad determinada así como a su condición histórica. Pese a la singularidad de cada ciudad el espacio urbano actual es percibido y vivenciado tanto por sus habitantes como por los analistas como un fenómeno multiforme con superposición de caos y organización permanente orden y desorden de formas flujos y consumos; un escenario de proyectos diversos y contradictorios con polivalencia de herencias y fragmentos acumulados de historia; un lugar de conflicto convivencia y negociación; un territorio de libertad y de restricciones que incide en la construcción de las relaciones de género que a la vez y dialécticamente se manifiestan en su producción (Rico 1996a). En este sentido se plantea la necesidad de reconciliar la ciudad y su urbanidad. “Será pues oportuno y razonable que distingamos entre morfología material y morfología social. Quizá convendría que introdujéramos aquí una distinción entre la ciudad realidad presente inmediata dato práctico sensible arquitectónico y por otra parte lo urbano realidad social compuesta por relaciones a concebir a construir o reconstruir por el pensamiento” (Lefebvre 1973 pág. 67).
¿Cómo vivimos la ciudad? Hacia un nuevo paradigma urbano para la igualdad de género
Aproximarse a un nuevo paradigma urbano implica plantear como condición necesaria la no neutralidad del espacio de la ciudad —en particular la no neutralidad de género— en cuanto a su planificación y construcción así como respecto de su percepción uso y simbolización lo que lleva a reconocer la diversidad y a dar cuenta de la multiplicidad de caras y habitantes que tiene la ciudad. Esto conduce al imperativo de proponer nuevos modelos de intervención que incorporen a la producción social del hábitat todas las realidades urbanas sus aportes necesidades y demandas y que incluyan en particular la experiencia y los derechos de las mujeres en relación con la ciudad y —desde una mirada interseccional— las diferencias que presentan en función de su edad pertenencia racial y étnica e inserción en la estructura socioeconómica entre otras condiciones.
¿Quién cuida en Montevideo?, Uruguay
El presente capítulo tiene como principal objetivo mostrar la importancia de la integración de la perspectiva de género en el desarrollo urbano con un enfoque específico en la autonomía económica y la redistribución del trabajo de cuidado no remunerado de las mujeres destacando a nivel urbano la carga total de trabajo de las mujeres en la ciudad de Montevideo.
¿Quién cuida en Cuenca?, Ecuador
De acuerdo con la literatura especializada las ciudades intermedias son en términos cuantitativos los asentamientos que tienen entre 50.000 y 1 millón de habitantes (Jordán y Simioni 1998; CEPAL 2002). Sin embargo esta categorización se vuelve más compleja al considerar su ubicación en la jerarquía del sistema urbano nacional —sobre todo porque ocupan un lugar claramente inferior con respecto a los centros principales— y su capacidad de generar ingresos propios desde fuentes diversas. Se destaca su capacidad de autogestión que incluye estrategias de desarrollo dirigidas a la consolidación y evolución de la ciudad hacia un desarrollo más sostenible (Benavides Manzano y Mendoza 2003). Las ciudades intermedias entonces se comprenden en la construcción y especificidad de sus propias características que dependen de su entorno territorial (Universidad de Lleida 2017).
Cuidado para la gestión: Nueva cultura laboral con perspectiva de género en la Ciudad de México
No hay trabajo decente si no hay igualdad sustantiva entre mujeres y hombres y sabemos que el enfoque de género es la herramienta idónea para alcanzar la igualdad de género en materia laboral. En este capítulo se relata de forma sintética la propuesta impulsada por el actual gobierno de la Ciudad de México (2012-2018) sobre la Nueva Cultura Laboral a través de la cual se plantea garantizar un trabajo digno y decente a las trabajadoras y los trabajadores del gobierno de la Ciudad de México bajo una perspectiva de igualdad sustantiva.
¿Quién cuida en Rosario?, Argentina
En el presente artículo se analizan las principales políticas de cuidado de la ciudad de Rosario (Argentina) en el marco de los derechos de las mujeres y las distintas dimensiones de la autonomía incluida la libertad del tiempo propio3. Desde esta perspectiva se procura arrojar luz sobre el tema del cuidado y determinar quién cuida en la ciudad en un contexto nacional en el cual el 90% de población vive en aglomerados urbanos en ciudades extensas y complejas con evidentes desigualdades que definen las pautas de la vida cotidiana.
Urbanización e igualdad: Dos dimensiones clave para el desarrollo sostenible de América Latina
La urbanización y el reto de enfrentar la desigualdad son dos aspectos fundamentales para el desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe una región que continúa caracterizándose por presentar altos niveles de desigualdad y en la cual en el entorno económico y político actual los logros alcanzados en la última década en materia de reducción de la pobreza y avance hacia el cierre de las brechas económicas y sociales se encuentran amenazados (CEPAL 2016b). Las ciudades de la región muestran grandes inequidades entre ellas la segregación socioeconómica y las brechas de acceso a vivienda y a servicios urbanos de calidad. Como respuesta a este contexto y con la incidencia de las demandas de distintos movimientos sociales desde hace varios años en muchos países de la región se ha manifestado el impulso por el derecho a la ciudad. En este aspecto se destacan el Brasil Colombia el Ecuador y México que buscan reivindicar el uso más inclusivo y el control más democrático de la ciudad.
¿Quién cuida en Santiago?, Chile
De acuerdo con la actual organización social del cuidado y la división sexual del trabajo las mujeres son consideradas las principales proveedoras de cuidados familiares: de la casa de los menores de edad y de las personas mayores con enfermedades crónicas o con discapacidad. Si bien tales cuidados son necesarios para las familias y la comunidad en su conjunto el problema está en restringir su oferta a las familias y en particular a las mujeres a costa de coartarles las oportunidades de autonomía económica (sus posibilidades de acceso a empleos remunerados se ven limitadas) de autonomía física (su uso del tiempo está muy determinado por las tareas de cuidado que deben cumplir) y de autonomía política (sus posibilidades de participación social y en los procesos de adopción de decisiones públicas se vuelven casi inexistentes). En los hogares de recursos económicos escasos esta situación es aún más problemática puesto que las oportunidades de acceso a servicios de cuidados ya sean estatales por su escasez o de mercado por su costo se ven restringidas. También son las mujeres de los hogares pobres las que tienen más dificultades para insertarse en el mercado laboral y si lo logran dicha inserción se caracteriza por ser en empleos de baja productividad y de mala calidad en cuanto a los ingresos y la protección social.