Population and Demography
Factores asociados al descenso de la desnutrición crónica de los niños de 6 a 24 meses en Haití en el período 1994-2017
Fuentes de información sobre población indígena en México: Los problemas de la búsqueda de datos en el ámbito de la salud
Este trabajo se centra en la búsqueda de información referente a la salud de la población indígena de México, con la finalidad de investigar qué información oficial existe y cuáles son algunas de las principales dificultades que se plantean para obtener datos desagregados por municipio, afección, sexo y grupo de edad. Se revisaron las principales fuentes de información disponibles en el país, para así confeccionar una base de datos que permita analizar las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad entre la población indígena a lo largo de diversos períodos. El núcleo central de este artículo está conformado por el análisis de las fuentes de información encontradas y de los problemas que suponen los datos faltantes. Se observa que, en las diferentes fuentes revisadas, la pregunta más utilizada para identificar a la población indígena en México es si la persona habla alguna lengua indígena, aun cuando el uso de esta variable puede resultar problemática.
Una aproximación a la naturaleza social de la población rural santiagueña: el caso de Salavina
Notas sobre la redistribución espacial de la población en el marco de las tendencias de metropolización en el Brasil a principios del siglo XXI
A finales del siglo XX, las dinámicas de urbanización se modificaron concomitantemente con los cambios en el sistema capitalista. Es decir, junto con las transformaciones socioeconómicas, se produjeron cambios en la forma, las funciones y el contenido de muchos ambientes urbanos, principalmente los de carácter metropolitano. Estas transformaciones se han evidenciado en varias ciudades y áreas metropolitanas de todo el mundo. En este artículo se examina el caso del estado de São Paulo, en el Brasil. Es necesario pensar en nuevos elementos teóricos que puedan dilucidar los cambios en los ambientes urbanos. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre esas transformaciones mediante una lectura demográfica. Para ello se desarrollarán los siguientes elementos teórico-analíticos: complementariedades socioespaciales, contigüidades socioespaciales y potencial de crecimiento endógeno. Las reflexiones realizadas se basan en observaciones empíricas y datos elaborados a partir de los censos demográficos brasileños (los datos relativos al ingreso promedio de los jefes de hogar, el lugar de trabajo y la residencia, entre otros indicadores, no solo se utilizarán para caracterizar las transformaciones, sino también para dilucidar los elementos teórico-analíticos).
Presentación
Evaluación de la cobertura y el contenido en censos protoestadísticos: el caso del padrón de la ciudad y la campaña de Buenos Aires de 1827
En este artículo, llevaremos a cabo una evaluación crítica de un censo correspondiente a la etapa protoestadística: el padrón de la ciudad y la campaña de Buenos Aires de 1827. A simple vista, en el padrón se observa una población feminizada y con crecimiento negativo en comparación con los recuentos anteriores. No obstante, a partir de una evaluación completa de la cobertura y el contenido, llegamos a la conclusión principal de que esta realidad es en gran parte aparente, por los siguientes motivos: los distintos problemas del padrón (omisión de población, planillas censales extraviadas), y el complejo contexto de la época (la guerra con el Brasil y el conflicto político entre el poder central y las provincias).
Epicentros de emigración: un análisis comparativo de la evolución de sus dinámicas socioeconómicas y demográficas en Colombia y el Brasil
América Latina y el Caribe es una región de origen, destino y tránsito de gran dinamismo para la migración internacional. Según la última ronda censal, el patrón migratorio de la región presenta algunas continuidades, así como cambios en el volumen y la dirección de los flujos, y en la composición y características de la población migrante, sobre la cual poco sabemos. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de la evolución de las dinámicas socioeconómica y demográfica de la migración internacional en el Eje Cafetero (Colombia) y la microrregión de Governador Valadares (Brasil), los principales centros de emigración de estos países. Se emplea un enfoque cuantitativo que incluye el análisis de los datos censales de emigración internacional de ambos países, que han sido poco explorados en la literatura, y, además, se cualifica la complejidad de los procesos migratorios a escala nacional y regional. Los resultados indican que los flujos han variado en sintonía con las dinámicas sociales, económicas y políticas regionales, nacionales e internacionales.
Maltrato en la vejez: caracterización y prevalencia en la población mexicana
El déficit del ciclo de vida en el Perú. una estimación basada en el sistema de cuentas nacionales de transferencias
Reconstitución de la población menor de cinco años mediante la ecuación compensadora: Estimación de subcobertura y omisión en el Censo Demográfico brasileño de 2010
Strategic assessment of reproductive health in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
The status of women’s reproductive health remains a serious problem in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Although data on reproductive health are generally scarce, the maternal mortality ratio has been estimated to be 656 per 100,000 live births (Ministry of Public Health and United Nations Children’s Fund (MOPH and UNICEF), 1998). Estimates of total fertility rates vary from 4.7 children per woman for urban women to 7.8 for rural women (National Statistical Centre (NSC) and the Lao Women’s Training Centre (LWTC), 1995). Only limited data exist on the incidence of reproductive tract infections (RTIs and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but anecdotal evidence suggests that the magnitude of these problems is likely to be great. The data from the sentinel surveillance system show generally low prevalence rates for HIV, but only limited testing has been carried out and a more comprehensive sentinel surveillance system has only recently been put into place. Abortion and adolescent reproductive health remain politically sensitive issues. A report from a small-scale survey conducted by the Japanese Organization for International Cooperation in Family Planning (JOICFP) in three districts showed that the abortion rate was 101.1 per thousand pregnancies (Podhisita and others, 1997). Early marriage and pregnancy in adolescence are the norm in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, The Fertility and Birth Spacing Survey (NSC and LWTC, 1995) estimated that the median age at first birth for all married women was 20.5 years.
The oral contraceptive pill in Viet Nam: Situation, client perspectives and possibilities for promotion
Viet Nam has one of the highest rates of abortion in the world, according to the 1997 Demographic and Health Survey. Even though official statistics and survey fieldwork are likely to have underreported the number of abortions, the rate is still high at 340 per 1,000 pregnancies (Henshaw and Morrow, 1990; NCPFP, 2000a). This can be partly attributed to unmet need for contraceptives among married women and also to the fact that unmarried women do not have access to free modern contraceptives (Nguyen Minh Thang and others, 1999). To deal with this situation, the Vietnamese Government’s family planning programme is expanding the contraceptive mix so that temporary methods such as condoms and oral contraceptive pills are being given more emphasis, especially the pills, as they are so effective in preventing pregnancy (NCPFP, 2000b; Harlap, Kost and Forrest, 1991).
Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia’s construction sector
The 1980s and 1990s were characterized by an absorption of foreign labour into the Malaysian economy that was unprecedented in terms of numbers and rapidity. From approximately 500,000 foreign workers in 1984 (Ministry of Human Resources, 1991) their numbers shot up beyond 1.2 million in 1991 (Pillai, 1992) and 2.4 million in early 1998 (Utusan Malaysia, 1998). Labour voids manifested particularly during the high-growth period of 1988-1997 were the main inducing agent. Construction was among the sectors which came to rely heavily on foreign workers owing to a confluence of factors: Malaysian youth’s aversion to low-status work, an expanding manufacturing sector which was offering much better employment conditions, labour attrition, widening opportunities for tertiary education, a lower birth rate and the emigration of Malaysian workers to high-wage countries such as Japan and Singapore (Abdul-Aziz, 1995). The Construction Workers Union estimated that in 1987 about 60 per cent of the 300,000-350,000 workers in the industry were immigrants (Gill, 1988). Pillai (1992) estimated that, by 1991, 70 per cent of the construction workforce comprised immigrants, while the author’s own study (Abdul-Aziz, 1995) conducted in 1995 found that, in the major cities of Georgetown, Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru, foreign workers made up in excess of 80 per cent of site operatives. During this time, the nationality of site operatives, especially for the undocumented, diversified in tandem with the augmentation of the labour movement. As for legal entry, at the time of writing, Malaysia had granted to five countries, namely Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand, permission to export their surplus construction labour to Malaysia.
Viet Nam’s older population: The view from the census
Viet Nam, as many other countries in East and South-East Asia, has been successful in its policy to lower fertility in the interest of national development. According to United Nations estimates, the total fertility rate fell from over six, just three decades ago, to close to the replacement level by the turn of the twenty-first century. Life expectancy at birth increased during the same time by almost 20 years to close to 70 (United Nations, 2001a). Past high fertility, combined with mortality decline, is resulting in substantial growth in the numbers of the older persons and, in conjunction with the subsequent fertility decline, to an increasing share of the overall population who are at older ages. Recent United Nations projections indicate that the population aged 60 and over will increase by 80 per cent in size in the first two decades of this new century and grow fivefold by mid-century (United Nations, 2001b). By 2050, persons aged 60 and over will constitute almost a quarter of the total Vietnamese population.
The importance of field-workers in Bangladesh’s family planning programme
The high cost and low quality of services indicate that other models of service delivery need to be considered.
Patrilines, patrilocality and fertility decline in Viet Nam
The 90 per cent or so of the Vietnamese population who belong to the Kinh ethnic group (Vietnam, 1991: volume 1, table 1.4) have a patrilineal, patrilocal family system. To conform to the rules of this system, a couple must have at least one biological or adopted son, Viet Nam’s dramatic fertility decline has, however, entailed a rise in the proportion of parents unable to fulfil this condition. What does this imply about the strength of Viet Nam’s patrilineal, patrilocal norms, now and in the future?
Sex-selective abortion: Evidence from a community-based study in Western India
Selective abortion of female foetuses has been documented in India as early as the late 1970s when amniocentesis for genetic screening became available (Ramanama and Bambawale, 1980), but it was only with the increasing availability of ultrasound technology in the mid-1980s that the practice became widespread. Most of the existing evidence on sex-selective abortion comes from micro-studies in northern India. These have demonstrated a widespread acceptance of the practice, and several researchers have documented indirect evidence in the form of increasing sex ratios at birth in hospitals or within communities (Booth and others, 1994; Gu and Roy, 1995; Khanna, 1997; Sachar and others, 1990 and 1993; Sahi and Sarin, 1996). While abortion (also called medical termination of pregnancy, or MTP) on broad social and medical grounds has been legal since 1972, sex selection is not. The state of Maharashtra, where the present study was conducted banned prenatal sex selection in 1988; the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Bill made sex detection tests illegal throughout India in 1994.
Fertility decline in Sri Lanka: Are all ethnic groups party to the process?
Sri Lanka has played the role of a virtual laboratory in understanding the process of demographic transition in low-income countries. The advanced stages of demographic transition in any context entail irreversible population growth patterns that affect the population growth components of fertility, mortality and migration. The significant demographic transitional effects are the fertility changes that these communities undergo, tending towards achieving replacement or below replacement fertility levels (De Silva, 1994). It would therefore be of interest to investigate the course of such changes occurring in a heterogeneous society.
The strategic approach to the introduction of DMPA as an opportunity to improve quality of care for all contraceptive methods in Viet Nam
The Government of Viet Nam has an explicit policy to regulate population growth and, in 1993, established replacement level fertility as a target. It has implemented a strong family planning programme and contraceptive prevalence is high. The contraceptive method mix, however, remained very skewed. In 1996, the contraceptive prevalence of modern methods was 52 per cent, of which the IUD accounted for 72 per cent, female sterilization 10.4 per cent, condom 9 per cent and oral pills 6.9 per cent. The use of injectables was negligible. In addition, 16.3 per cent reported using natural methods (NCPFP, 1998). One of the concerns of the national population policy is to diversify the mix through adding more methods such as the DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) injectable and the Norplant implant. There continues to be a concern about the high rate of induced abortion in the country and the need to address unmet need for family planning has been highlighted as a means to address this issue (Be’ langer and Khuat Thu Hong, 1998; Do Trong Hieu and others, 1993).
Government-organized distant resettlement and Three Gorges Project, China
Resettlement of population displaced by major infrastructure projects is an important development issue with concerns about the economic, social and environmental consequences being paramount (World Bank, 2001; Cernea and McDowell, 2000; OED, 1998). Cernea and McDowell (2000:12) state that “the most widespread effect of involuntary displacement is the impoverishment of a considerable number of people”. They propose that socially responsible resettlement – that is, resettlement genuinely guided by equity considerations – can not only counteract this impoverishment but also generate benefits for both the national and local economy. The World Bank (2001) has indicated that the objectives in involuntary settlement should be as follows: