International Law and Justice
The UNCTAD Model Law on Competition After 30 Years - Some Reflections
UNCTAD Model Law on Competition (Model Law) has been developed by member States’ representatives gathered in UNCTAD intergovernmental meetings to provide guidance on competition legislations particularly for developing countries that are not familiar with this field recognizing their interest to be able to take appropriate actions towards anticompetitive practices. The discussion on the Model Law in UNCTAD dates back to the 1970s when only around 20 jurisdictions in the world had competition laws and authorities and most were developed countries. This publication revisits the Model Law from different angles; the origin and history of the Model Law as well as its negotiation are discussed. Testimonials from young competition authorities from developing countries share the relevance of the Model Law in the drafting of their own competition laws and refer to the implications of the Model Law to developing countries.
Treaty Series 3139
In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1945 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series. At present the collection includes about 30000 treaties reproduced in their authentic languages together with translations into English and French as necessary.
Treaty Series 3160
In accordance with Article 102 of the Charter and the relevant General Assembly Resolutions every treaty and international agreement registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat since 1945 is published in the United Nations Treaty Series. At present the collection includes about 30000 treaties reproduced in their authentic languages together with translations into English and French as necessary.
Guidelines for the Production of Statistical Data by the Prison System
In 2015 the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) and the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (UN-CCPCJ) endorsed the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS). ICCS is the international standard for defining and classifying criminal offences to produce and disseminate statistical data on crime and criminal justice. When statistics are compiled and distributed according to the comprehensive and standardized framework of ICCS it is possible to produce higher quality statistics as well as more articulated analyses of crime trends and patterns harmonized across the different steps of the criminal justice system and jurisdictions. Building on the process to implement ICCS at a country level and the report on crime and criminal justice statistics authored by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography of Mexico these guidelines aim to provide advice to the prison system on the collection production and dissemination of high-quality statistical data that can assist in performing and continuously monitoring core functions improve the measurement of access to justice and promote the implementation of ICCS. This document comprises specific guidance for the police the prosecution service and the courts and the prison system. In addition guidance on how to develop an interoperable system of crime and criminal justice data more broadly is forthcoming.
Руководство ЮНСИТРАЛ для законодательных органов по законодательству о несостоятельности микро- и малых предприятий
Руководство для законодательных органов разрабатывалось с учетом уникальных особенностей микро- и малых предприятий (ММП) и исходя из их специфических нужд и обстоятельств возникающих в случае наступления финансовых трудностей. Так для ММП характерны отсутствие четкого раз-деления между коммерческой задолженностью и личными долгами владель-цев и централизованная модель управления при которой пересекаются вла-дение контроль и управление. В отличие от крупных предприятий ММП как правило не искушены в финансовых и юридических вопросах и вопросах управления предпринимательской деятельностью и несостоятельности. Кроме того они могут серьезно опасаться стигматизации в случае наступления несостоятельности что может сказаться на их поведении в период предше-ствующий несостоятельности. Они также могут сталкиваться с еще большими препятствиям при попытках решить финансовые проблемы поскольку креди-торы нередко проявляют безразличие и незаинтересованность в оказании помощи считая что цена их усилий может превысить потенциальную выгоду.
Guide législatif de la CNUDCI sur le droit de l’insolvabilité à l’intention des micro- et petites entreprises
Le Guide législatif a été conçu pour prendre en compte les caractéristiques uniques des micro- et petites entreprises (MPE) et répondre aux besoins et circonstances spécifiques associés à leurs difficultés financières. En particulier les MPE ont souvent des dettes professionnelles et personnelles étroitement imbriquées et se caractérisent par un modèle de gouvernance centralisé dans lequel propriété contrôle et gestion se chevauchent. Contrairement aux grandes entreprises elles n’ont souvent que des connaissances rudimentaires en matière de finance de gestion d’entreprise de droit et d’insolvabilité. Elles peuvent par ailleurs ressentir de sérieuses inquiétudes quant à la stigmatisation due à l’insolvabilité ce qui peut affecter leur comportement dans la période précédant l’insolvabilité. Elles peuvent également faire face à davantage d’obstacles pour résoudre leurs difficultés financières notamment si leurs créanciers ne se mobilisent pas et sont peu désireux de les aider ce qui est souvent le cas puisque les créanciers des MPE considèrent que les coûts de leurs efforts peuvent être supérieurs aux retours à escompter.
Revisiting Development Innovations in Least Developed Countries
Revisiting development innovations in least developed countries - A practical review of selected intellectual property rights measures This paper looks at how LDCs can innovate using traditional IPR policies and then looks at how innovation is developing in the informal sector. LDCs have a variety of needs and equally have a variety of IPRs at their disposal to serve their domestic socio-economic and development needs as well as their international obligations. Companies can choose formal intellectual property which includes patents trademarks registered designs copyright among others. They can also choose a range of ‘alternative’ or informal appropriation mechanisms such as secrecy confidentiality agreements lead time or complexity. The paper does not attempt to be exhaustive. This paper argues that LDCs need to build at least a critical minimum level of productive capacities and technological capabilities to make full use of the formal and informal IPRs as well as of existing flexibilities. The analysis focuses on six kinds of IPRs and provides case studies based on the experience undertaken in LDCs or in other developing countries.
贸易法委员会微型和小型企业破产法立法指南
本《立法指南》的目的是考虑到微型和小型企业的独特性,并应对其财务困境的具体需要和情况。尤其是,小微企业的企业债务和个人债务往往混在一起,此类企业往往实行一种集中治理模式,所有权、控制权和管理权相互重叠。与大型企业不同,小微企业在处理财务、企业管理、法律和破产事务方面往往不成熟。此外,它们可能非常担心破产带来的耻辱名声,这可能影响它们在濒临破产时期的行为。它们也可能在解决财务困难方面面临更多障碍,在下述情况下尤为如此,即小微企业的债权人认为自己的努力可能得不偿失,因此往往袖手旁观,不愿施以援手。
دليل الأونسيترال التشريعي لقانون الإعسار للمؤسسات الصغيرة ومتناهية الصغر
وقد صمم الدليل التشريعي بحيث يراعي الخصائص الفريدة للمنشآت الصغرى والصغيرة ويلبي الاحتياجات الخاصة المتعلقة بضائقاتها المالية ويعالج الظروف المحددة التي تواجهها. ومن تلك الخصائص تحديداً، كثرة اختلاط الديون التجارية للمنشآت الصغرى والصغيرة التجارية بالديون الشخصية، وعملها ضمن نموذج حوكمة مركزي تتداخل فيه الملكية والسيطرة والإدارة. وخلافا للمنشآت الأكبر حجما، كثيرا ما تفتقر المنشآت الصغرى والصغيرة إلى الحنكة في المسائل المالية والقانونية والمتعلقة بإدارة الأعمال التجارية والإعسار. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فقد تكون لديها شواغل بالغة بشأن الوصم الناشئ عن الإعسار، وقد يؤثر ذلك على سلوكها في فترة الاقتراب من الإعسار. وقد تواجه تلك المنشآت أيضا عقبات أكبر من غيرها في حل الصعوبات المالية، لا سيما إذا كان دائنوها لا يرغبون في المشاركة وغير مهتمين بالمساعدة، وهو ما يحدث عادة لأن دائني المنشآت الصغرى والصغيرة يعتبرون أن تكاليف جهودهم قد تفوق مردودها.
Guía legislativa de la CNUDMI sobre un régimen de insolvencia para microempresas y pequeñas empresas
La Guía legislativa fue concebida para tener en cuenta las singulares características de las microempresas y pequeñas empresas (MYPE) y atender a las particulares necesidades y circunstancias de sus dificultades financieras. En particular las MYPE suelen tener un modelo de gobernanza centralizado en el que se entrelazan las deudas personales y las de la empresa y se superponen la propiedad de la empresa su control y su administración. A diferencia de las empresas más grandes las MYPE suelen no contar con los conocimientos suficientes en materia financiera jurídica de gestión empresarial y de insolvencia. Además pueden tener serias inquietudes relacionadas con el estigma que puede acarrear la insolvencia lo que podría afectar su conducta en el período cercano a la insolvencia. También pueden tropezar con más obstáculos para resolver sus dificultades financieras en particular cuando sus acreedores se desvinculan y no muestran interés en prestarles asistencia algo que sucede con frecuencia porque los acreedores de las MYPE consideran que el costo de sus esfuerzos puede superar los beneficios.
贸易法委员会身份管理和信托服务使用和跨境认可示范法
This publication contains the text and the explanatory note of the UNCITRAL Model Law on the Use and Cross-border Recognition of Identity Management and Trust Services. This is the first model law at the global level that offers guidance on laws that enable identifying persons online and providing assurance of quality of data messages. Online identification and assurance of data quality are building blocks of the digital world and their international use is critical to ensure seamless cross-border dataflows. The explanatory note offers a detailed illustration of the 27 articles of the Model Law building on the travaux préparatoires.
La Convención del Agua: 30 años de impacto y de logros sobre el terreno
El 2022 es el año del 30 aniversario del Convenio sobre la Protección y Utilización de los Cursos de Agua Transfronterizos y de los Lagos Internacionales (Convenio del Agua) que se adoptó en Helsinki en 1992. Esta publicación que muestra las exitosas historias concretas del impacto del Convenio del Agua sobre el terreno es un importante recurso para ejemplificar los beneficios de la cooperación en materia de aguas transfronterizas. Las y los lectores comprenderán mejor el impacto social económico y ambiental del Convenio del Agua durante las últimas tres décadas así como sus beneficios para la paz y la seguridad en diferentes escenarios regionales.
Loi type de la CNUDCI sur l'utilisation et la reconnaissance internationale de la gestion de l'identité et des services de confiance
Cette publication contient le texte et la note explicative de la Loi type de la CNUDCI sur l'utilisation et la reconnaissance transfrontières des services de gestion de l'identité et de confiance. Il s'agit de la première loi type au niveau mondial permettant d'identifier les personnes en ligne et de garantir la qualité des messages de données. L'identification en ligne et l'assurance de la qualité des données sont des éléments constitutifs du monde numérique et leur utilisation internationale est essentielle pour garantir des flux de données transfrontaliers fluides. La note explicative offre une illustration détaillée des 27 articles de la Loi type en s'appuyant sur les travaux préparatoires
قانون الأونسيترال النموذجي بشأن استخدام خدمات إدارة الهوية والخدمات الاستئمانية والاعتراف بها عبر الحدود
This publication contains the text and the explanatory note of the UNCITRAL Model Law on the Use and Cross-border Recognition of Identity Management and Trust Services. This is the first model law at the global level that offers guidance on laws that enable identifying persons online and providing assurance of quality of data messages. Online identification and assurance of data quality are building blocks of the digital world and their international use is critical to ensure seamless cross-border dataflows. The explanatory note offers a detailed illustration of the 27 articles of the Model Law building on the travaux préparatoires.
Типовой закон ЮНСИТРАЛ об использовании и трансграничном признании услуг по управлению личными данными и трастовых услугах
This publication contains the text and the explanatory note of the UNCITRAL Model Law on the Use and Cross-border Recognition of Identity Management and Trust Services. This is the first model law at the global level that offers guidance on laws that enable identifying persons online and providing assurance of quality of data messages. Online identification and assurance of data quality are building blocks of the digital world and their international use is critical to ensure seamless cross-border dataflows. The explanatory note offers a detailed illustration of the 27 articles of the Model Law building on the travaux préparatoires.
Annuaire de la Commission du Droit International 2016, Vol. II, Partie 1
La Commission du droit international est un organe d’experts composé de « personnes possédant une compétence notoire en matière de droit international » qui œuvre au développement progressif et à la codification du droit international. Annuaire de la Commission du droit international: Volume I : Comptes rendus de séance; Volume II : Texte des principaux rapports établis au cours de l’année y compris le rapport annuel à l’Assemblée générale.
UNCITRAL Model Law on the Use and Cross-border Recognition of Identity Management and Trust Services
This publication contains the text and the explanatory note of the UNCITRAL Model Law on the Use and Cross-border Recognition of Identity Management and Trust Services. This is the first model law at the global level that offers guidance on laws that enable identifying persons online and providing assurance of quality of data messages. Online identification and assurance of data quality are building blocks of the digital world and their international use is critical to ensure seamless cross-border dataflows. The explanatory note offers a detailed illustration of the 27 articles of the Model Law building on the travaux préparatoires.
UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law for Micro- and Small Enterprises
The Legislative Guide is designed to take the unique characteristics of micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) into account and to respond to the specific needs and circumstances of their financial distress. In particular MSEs often have intermingled business and personal debts and a centralized governance model in which ownership control and management overlap. Unlike larger enterprises MSEs are often unsophisticated in financial business management legal and insolvency matters.In addition they may have strong concerns over stigmatization arising from insolvency and this might affect their behaviour in the period approaching insolvency. They may also face more obstacles in resolving financial difficulties particularly if their creditors are disengaged and disinterested to assist which is often the case because MSE creditors consider that the costs of their efforts may outweigh the benefits.
دليل الأونسيترال التشريعي بشأن الشركات ذات المسؤولية المحدودة
يقدم هذا الدليل التشريعي توصيات تشريعية وتعليقات ذات صلة بشأن إنشاء وتشغيل أشكال مبسطة من المؤسسات ذات المسؤولية المحدودة، والتي تناسب بشكل خاص المؤسسات متناهية الصغر والصغيرة والمتوسطة.
Guide législatif de la CNUDCI sur les entreprises à responsabilité limitée
Le Guide contient des recommandations législatifs et un commentaire sur la formation et la gestion des formes simplifiées des entreprises à responsabilités limitées qui sont particulièrement convenantes pour le micro petites et moyennes entreprises.