Conclusions and policy implications

This review of environmental legislation shows that countries have in place, to varying degrees, legal frameworks that criminalize activities that harm the environment. However, some environmental areas and geographical areas are less covered than others by criminal provisions, suggesting that some countries may perceive certain environmental areas less in need of protection, less exposed to harmful practices or more difficult for protections to be enforced. Establishing criminal or administrative offences is the first step to enforcing environmental protection, but their effectiveness depends on a number of factors, including the capacity of the criminal justice system to implement them.

Sustainable Development Goals:

Decent Work and Economic Growth

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions