Ethiopia
Climate Chains: Mapping the Relationship between Climate, Trafficking in Persons and Building Resilience in Ethiopia
This report, Climate Chains: Mapping the Relationship between Climate, Trafficking in Persons and Building Resilience in Ethiopia, explores the complex links between climate change, livelihood, vulnerability, migration and human trafficking in Ethiopia. Commissioned by IOM under the Climate Resilience Against Trafficking and Exploitation (CREATE) project, this study forms part of a broader research focusing on Ethiopia and the Philippines – two countries facing distinct climate challenges: slow-onset droughts and sudden-onset typhoons, respectively. The research used a mixed-methods approach including household surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. The report puts forward a conceptual model that links climate events and trafficking through a series of intertwined steps. It identifies a causal chain where climate events disrupt livelihood, increase vulnerability and heighten migration intentions, which can lead to exploitation and trafficking. The research explores how factors linking climate and trafficking operate in Ethiopia. This study provides critical insights and recommendations for policymakers, donors and organizations in Ethiopia and internationally that are working to combat human trafficking and exploitation, while strengthening resilience to climate change.
Protecting Children in Migration: A Nexus between Migration and Child Protection in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is a country of origin and transit, with migration primarily occurring around three main routes: (a) Eastern route through Djibouti towards Saudi Arabia; (b) Southern route through Kenya towards South Africa; and (c) Northern route through Libya towards Europe. In 2022, the number of unaccompanied children who migrated via the Eastern route doubled in comparison to 2021, and unaccompanied children made up 38 per cent of all children on the move from Ethiopia in 2022. En route, children may face protection risks including arbitrary arrest and detention, human trafficking for the purposes of labour or sexual exploitation, gender-based violence, extortion and denial of access to basic needs. Broad structural factors, such as conflict, drought and poverty are driving children and adults to migrate despite the protection risks. To understand the current knowledge gaps in the nexus between migration and child protection, as well as proposed improvements, this study relies on primary and secondary data analysis. With a particular focus on exploring linkages between child migration and trafficking in children in Ethiopia, the report concludes with the institutional and legal landscape for children on the move and highlights key policy gaps in protecting children on the move across Ethiopia.
Productive Capacities Development: Challenges and Opportunities - The Case of Ethiopia
The report examines the gaps in Ethiopia’s productive capacities and provides a holistic and comprehensive set of policy recommendations to address them. Productive capacities are productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages that together determine a country’s ability to produce goods and services that will help it grow and develop. Productive capacities are measured by the Productive Capacities Index (PCI), a composite index comprising eight components: natural capital, human capital, transport, energy, ICT, private sector, institutions and structural change. The National Productive Capacities Gap Assessment of Ethiopia constitutes the first part of the report, whereas the Holistic Productive Capacities Development Programme – the second part.
Эфиопия: у истоков кофе
Кофе в Эфиопии занимает цен-тральное место в повседнев-ной жизни. Оно предлагается везде, по любому поводу и по доступной цене, способствуя общению и являясь важным фактором установле-ния и поддержания социальных связей. В столице Аддис-Абебе, как и в других городах страны, его можно пить и на улице, сидя на низком табурете прямо на тротуаре и обсуждая новости с соседями. Кофе также неизменно при-сутствует в роскошных отелях для ино-странных туристов и в аэропортах, где церемония его приготовления демон-стрируется на небольшом помосте.
Etiopía, el café de los orígenes
En Etiopía, el café es un elemento esencial de la vida cotidiana. Servido en todas partes, en todo momento y a un precio accesible, constituye un poderoso factor de convivencia y de vínculo social. Tanto en la capital, Addis Abeba, como en cualquier ciudad del país, se puede beber en la calle, o en la acera, sentado en un pequeño taburete, mientras se comentan las últimas novedades del vecindario. También se encuentra en los hoteles más lujosos, destinados a la clientela internacional, o en los aeropuertos, donde el ritual de su preparación se escenifica sobre una pequeña tarima.
إثيوبيا، قهوة الأصول
في إثيوبيا، تُعدّ القهوة عنصرا محوريًا في الحياة اليومية حيث تُقدّم في كلّ مكان وفي جميع المناسبات بسعر زهيد وهي عامل . قويّ في دعم التآلف والمؤانسة وتمتين الرابطة الاجتماعية في العاصمة أديس أبابا، كما في . سائر مدن البلاد، يمكن احتساؤها في الشارع جلوسا على الرّصيف على كرسي صغير لتبادل أخبار الأجوار كما نجدها في الفنادق الفاخرة . الموجّهة للحرفاء الدّوليين، أو في المطارات، حيث يتمّ إعدادها حسب الطّقوس المعهودة على منصّة صغيرة.
En Éthiopie, le café des origines
En Éthiopie, le café est un élément central de la vie quotidienne. Servi partout, en toute occasion, à un prix accessible, c’est un puissant facteur de convivialité et de lien social. Dans la capitale Addis-Abeba, comme dans chaque ville du pays, on peut le boire dans la rue, à même le trottoir, assis sur un petit tabouret, et échanger des nouvelles du voisinage. On le trouve aussi dans les hôtels luxueux destinés à la clientèle internationale, ou les aéroports, où sa préparation rituelle est mise en scène sur une petite estrade.
咖啡之乡埃塞俄比亚
奥斯曼帝国（1430—1912）的旧日 光景在如今的萨洛尼卡已难寻踪迹。 不过，还有一个地方能让人隐约感受 到那个时代的日常生活气息—位于 上城区克利乌斯街和亚历山德拉·帕 帕多普卢街拐角处的齐纳里咖啡馆。
Ethiopia, the home of coffee
In Ethiopia, coffee is a central part of everyday life. Inexpensive and served everywhere, on any occasion, it is a powerful factor promoting conviviality and social relations. In the capital, Addis Ababa, and every other city in the country, you can drink coffee in the street, on the pavement, sitting on a little stool and catching up on neighbourhood news. You can also find it in luxury international hotels and airports, where the preparation ritual is performed on a little stage.
Major features of Ethiopia’s new investment law: an appraisal of their policy implications
This paper analyses the major features of the 2020 Ethiopian investment law and their policy implications. The law has liberalized many areas of the Ethiopian economy to pave the way for increasing the private sector’s share and diminishing the Government’s role. It adopted the negative list approach to liberalization to simplify the process of determining investment fields that are open for foreign investors. It laid out procedures for handling investors’ grievances and for resolving investor–State disputes, principally through domestic institutions. It also obliges investors to discharge their corporate social responsibilities. The paper argues that these features of the law demand transparent, efficient and competent government institutions to properly regulate and protect investments and to attain sustainable development as the ultimate goal of the law. For this purpose, it also argues that two factors are essential: ensuring effective institutional coordination and supplementing the mandatory corporate social responsibility requirements with voluntary engagement. In addition, it contends that the Government needs to strengthen linkages between foreign and domestic investment, promote decent jobs and sustainability, enhance human resources and infrastructure, and build a stable political system to reap the significant development benefits of investment, as envisaged in the investment law. The paper also suggests that other countries, in Africa and beyond, can benefit from applying these lessons in designing or reforming their investment policies to maximize the sustainable development gains from foreign investment.
Child Marriage and Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program
Road Safety Performance Review - Ethiopia
To support Member States most affected by road traffic fatalities, and adapting from the United Nations Development Account 9th tranche project “Strengthening the national road safety management capacities of selected developing countries and countries with economies in transition”, the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Road Safety strongly supports road safety performance reviews in Africa. This United Nations Road Safety Performance Review (RSPR) of Ethiopia has demonstrated huge magnitude of road safety problems, which exerts a burden on social, economic and health sectors of the country. The review shows that Ethiopia has not achieved the goal of the United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020), which expected to reduce road fatalities and injuries by 50 percent by 2020 (WHO, 2015). On the contrary, trends reveal that the road traffic deaths and serious injuries increased every year during the same period. Furthermore, it seems that the trends are likely to continue in 2020, the final year of the Decade.
Policy experiments: Building the future
The textile and apparel industry is one of the three priority areas that the Government of Ethiopia has identified for export-oriented activities – along with leather products and agroprocessing. Export-oriented manufacturing activities are expected to stimulate local technological development through linkages between foreign and local enterprises and provide the incentive that engagement in highly competitive export trade generates for learning and acquiring the technical skills and knowledge necessary to produce higher-value, more sophisticated and high-quality products.
Policy components: Evaluating government action
The innovative activities that enable countries to move up the productivity, technology and value ladder typically take place at the firm level, but a firm usually does not innovate in isolation. Innovation depends upon a wider system comprising diverse actors and their interaction, as well as the policy framework covering various policy domains. At the national level, the National Innovation System (NIS) strongly shapes the country’s technological development and innovation performance.
Summary of the recommendations
On paper, Ethiopia has most of the policies, regulations, background studies and road maps necessary to kick-start a successful process of technological learning, innovation and technological upgrading. However, there is a serious implementation gap across public institutions either because of capacity constraints or misallocation of efforts and resources. Ethiopia also needs to build its productive capacities to add value, produce a wide range of products, diversify the economy and generate income.
Preface
UNCTAD Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews (STIP Reviews) are an analytical and policy learning process for a country’s science, technology and innovation (STI) stakeholders to reach a clearer understanding of the key strengths and weaknesses of their innovation systems and identify strategic priorities for its development. The result of this process is documented in the STIP Review document and considered at the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD).
Explanatory notes
References in the text to the United States are to the United States of America and those to the United Kingdom are to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.