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- Volume 41, Issue 99, 2014
Notas de Población - Volume 41, Issue 99, 2014
Volume 41, Issue 99, 2014
Language:
Spanish
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Presentación
Author: United NationsLa edición número 99 de la revista Notas de Población destaca por la variedad de temas que se presentan en los seis artículos incluidos. En ellos se abordan cuestiones de relevancia para la investigación sociodemográfica en América Latina y el Caribe, que van desde las tendencias familiares y la edad en la primera unión y el primer hijo, hasta la migración de retorno, pasando por la información sobre las personas con discapacidad, los asentamientos precarios y las percepciones ambientales en áreas metropolitanas, entre otros.
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Tendencias familiares en América Latina: diferencias y entrelazamientos
Author: Javiera CienfuegosThis article looks at changing family dynamics in Latin America in recent decades, combining a sociohistorical approach with a sociodemographic one. The first part of the article, based on the theory of intertwined modernities as well as postcolonial thought, outlines some of the cultural contacts between family types that took place after colonization of the subcontinent. The second part describes Latin American family(ies) based on statistical information available from censuses and large surveys. There follows a critique of the nuclear family concept based on stratified statistical data, considering the variables of sex, income and education level and revealing certain shortcomings in macro measurements. The conclusions in the closing section pose the question of whether it is possible to standardize changes in family dynamics throughout Latin America and how close the region might be to a second demographic transition.
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Edad a la primera unión y al primer hijo en América Latina: estabilidad en cohortes más educadas
Authors: Albert Esteve and Elizabeth Florez-ParedesThis article examines trends in age at first sex, first conjugal union and first child for cohorts of women born in 1940-1980 in 12 Latin American countries. It examines the relationship between years of schooling and age at first sex, conjugal union and first child so as to understand the following paradox: if women with more years of education tend to delay the formation of a union and motherhood, why do women in more educated cohorts not form unions or have children at a later age than women in less educated cohorts? The results show that the delay in marriage and fertility expected in a context of educational expansion has been offset by a change in behaviour of educational groups over time. In all of the countries studied, for the same number of years of schooling women born in 1980 form a couple and have children earlier than women born in 1940 with the same number of years of schooling. These findings force us to reflect on the relationship between education and marriage and fertility and underscore the importance of the cultural and social context in which educational expansion occurs. This paper shows that the relative position of women in the education system is more important than the absolute number of years of accumulated schooling. The number of desired children has remained stable over this period, with no significant differences according to education level; contraception use, even at young ages, has grown in this period.
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Las personas con discapacidad en América Latina a 20 años de los consensos de El Cairo: la necesidad de información para políticas y programas
Authors: Daniela González and Fernanda StangThe main objective of this paper is to examine the progress that the countries of Latin America have made in the collection of data on persons with disabilities through the censuses taken during the two decades originally agreed as the deadline for implementing the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, adopted in 1994, when a section was devoted to this population group. For this analysis the forms used in the last three census rounds were examined, considering the inclusion of this item in the questionnaires, the paradigm underlying its inclusion and adherence to international recommendations. We also describe and analyze some indicators developed using census microdata from the countries of the region for the 2000 and 2010 rounds, in order to illustrate, on the one hand, unresolved issues concerning the gathering of census information on disabilities and, on the other, the potential for using such information in developing a sociodemographic profile of people with disabilities in Latin America.
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Hogares en asentamientos informales en Costa Rica: quiénes son y cómo viven
Author: Sofía Mora SteinerInformal settlements are a fact of life for thousands of households in Costa Rica. But the lack of information about living conditions in and other characteristics of these settlements is holding back effective implementation of policies, programmes and projects to address the issue.
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Percepción y preocupación ambiental en distintas regiones metropolitanas del Brasil: eslabones perdidos y evidencia adicional
Authors: Gilvan R. Guedes, Raphael Nawrotzki and Roberto L. do CarmoThis article reviews patterns of perception and environmental concern in different metropolitan areas of Brazil and how these are influenced by socioeconomic level and objective environmental conditions. Building on previous findings by Nawrotzki, Guedes and Carmoy (2014), we asked whether the relationship between socioeconomic status, objective environmental conditions and degree of concern involved differences in perception regarding environmental issues and stakeholders. We think that concern might be too abstract a concept to be freely used as a synonym for environmental attitude. Moreover, factors that precede a decision (such as environmental awareness and perception) and are key components of environmental concern were not taken into consideration by Nawrotzki, Guedes and Carmoy in their analysis. This time, we use a new data set gathered in 2007 from a representative sample of inhabitants of the metropolitan regions of Campinas and Baixada Santista in the São Paulo extended metropolitan region. These are the same data used in Nawrotzki, Guedes and Carmoy (2014). Expanding the idea of evaluating the environmental profile by adding environmental awareness and perception of environmental issues, along with environmental concern, we used latent class models including a random effect, assuming that these three environmental dimensions are related and should be modelled together as a dependent latent structure. The findings from our models indicate that objective environmental problems exacerbate the perception of environmental problems, although concern for the environment clearly depends on wealth. Some groups living in poverty thus face limitations when translating their perception of pressing environmental issues into a pro-environmental attitude.
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Emigración exterior y retorno de latinoamericanos desde España: una visión desde las dos orillas (2002-2012)
Authors: Joaquín Recaño Valverde and José Alfredo Jáuregui DíazThis article examines the demographic dimension of foreign emigration, return to country of birth and reemigration of Latin Americans from Spain during 2002-2012. The research is based on registry sources in Spain and on data from the 2010 census round in the destination countries. It describes official immigrant return aid programmes implemented in Spain and some countries of Latin America. The complementarity of the information from these three sources enabled us to directly assess the flow of returnees to their countries of birth. This trend has gathered momentum as the economic crisis in Spain deepened, but it varies in intensity from one group of Latin American immigrants to another. The article also provides an indirect estimate of emigration to third countries. This kind of international mobility is a response on the part of Latin American immigrants who, having achieved legal status in Spain, can move virtually without restrictions in the labour markets of other European countries where the financial crisis has not been as severe. The goals of the study described in this paper were to reflect on the incidence of Spanish sources in the measurement of foreign emigration, estimate the intensity and demographic structure of the various forms of departure from Spain and map the geographical distribution of these movements according to country of birth.
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