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- Volume 1998, Issue 66, 1998
CEPAL Review - Volume 1998, Issue 66, 1998
Volume 1998, Issue 66, 1998
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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The Cuban economy
Authors: David Ibarra and Jorge MattarAt the end of the 1950s, Cuba’s economic structure was marked by serious technological lags and insufficient industrial development. The growth rates of production and investment were low, while income distribution displayed a notable bias towards concentration. Over the period from 1959 to 1989, the product grew at an average rate of around 4% per year and economic policy gave the State a leading role in the production of goods and services, with a marked predominance of planning over the market mechanisms in the regulation of economic activity.
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Education in Latin America: Dem and and distribution are factors that matter
Authors: Nancy Birdsall, Juan Luis Londono de la Cuesta and Lesley O'ConnellAlthough the governments of the region have increased their spending on health and education, the results have been unsatisfactory. Expenditure on these services has traditionally been considered as a transfer rather than an investment. The accumulation of human capital has been relatively slow, with negative effects on economic growth, and it has been distributed unevenly among the different income groups, thereby further increasing inequality.
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Health management contracts in Costa Rica from a comparative perspective
Author: Ana SojoThis article analyses the recent establishment of quasi-markets in the field of public health in Costa Rica through the internal separation within the Costa Rican Social Security Fund of the functions of revenue collection, financing, purchasing and provision of services; the application of a new financing model; and the introduction of management contracts with hospitals and health areas as a key instrument for allocating and transferring resources in accordance with performance and fulfillment of goals.
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A development strategy founded on natural resource-based production clusters
Author: Joseph RamosThis article contends that the rapid development of Latin America and the Caribbean - a region rich in natural resources- will depend on how fast it learns to industrialize and process its natural resources and to develop the necessary suppliers of inputs, engineering services and equipment for this. Consequently, this will not be a form of development based on the mere extraction of natural resources, as at present, but rather one based on the processing of such resources and the development of the activities that naturally tend to spring up and concentrate around this base (production complexes or clusters).
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Big Latin American industrial companies and groups
Authors: Celso Garrido and Wilson PeresThis article seeks to summarize the results of some studies on the structure and dynamics of the big domestically owned industrial companies and groups in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico) and presents supplementary elements for placing them in an overall perspective. The studies include individual analyses of 46 leading companies (in Brazil, Chile and Colombia) and 15 economic groups with an industrial base (in Brazil and Mexico), together with aggregated studies of such groups in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
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Between political control and efficiency gains: The evolution of agrarian property rights In Mexico
Authors: Alain de Janvry, Gustavo Gordillo and Elisabeth SadouletAs a product of the Mexican revolution, the ejido was originally organized as an institution with the multiple aims of achieving political control over the peasantry, representing peasants in their relations with the State, and assisting production by smallholders. These multiple objectives, which were initially consistent and supported a successful phase of growth and improved welfare, became increasingly contradictory, precipitating a major crisis in both production and rural welfare.
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Tariffs and the Plano Real In Brazil
Authors: Renato Baumann, Josefina Rivero and Yohana ZavattieroThis article analyses the economic rationale of Brazil’s tariff policy during the first two years of the Plano Real. To this end, a study is made of the changes made in import duties for all the products traded. The tariff reform process in Brazil was begun in 1988, after the old Tariff Act had been in effect for thirty years, and represented a marked intensification in the process of trade openness, with the definition of a schedule of gradually decreasing tariffs which was further speeded up as from 1990.
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