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Введение
Деятельность направленная на разработку технических норм и конвенций во внутреннем судоходстве началась с созданием Подкомитета по внутреннему водному транспорту Комитетом по внутреннему транспорту Европейской экономической комиссии Организации Объединенных Наций (ЕЭК ООН) на своей шестнадцатой сессии в декабре 1956 года. Было признано что согласованные правила плавания имеют первостепенное значение для содействия развитию перевозок на внутренних водных путях и обеспечения безопасности и данный Подкомитет преобразованный в дальнейшем в Рабочую группу по внутреннему водному транспорту (SC.3) взял их под свою опеку.
Best Practice Guidance for Effective Management of Coal Mine Methane at National Level
While Methane (CH4) is the second most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2) the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the former is 28-34 times higher than that of the latter. Coal mining is a major source of methane emissions accounting for about 12% of global total anthropogenic emissions of that gas. Most emissions come from underground working mines but those from abandoned mines are raising. Action on methane requires a solid understanding of emission sources at national subnational and local levels. Only with reliable emissions data can policymakers design effective GHG policies evaluate mitigation opportunities and comply with their international climate commitments. National monitoring reporting and verification (MRV) programs can not only help countries better understand the contribution of coal mining to their overall methane and GHG emissions but also identify opportunities for mitigation. In particular MRV can help assess and track the effectiveness of the adopted climate policies. Setting up efficient MRV schemes is also important to deliver on international climate commitments in the context of the Paris Agreement.
ЕПСВВП Европейские правила судоходства по внутренним водным путям
The European Code for Inland Waterways (CEVNI) contains the core rules applicable to the traffic on inland waterways in the UNECE region such as marks and draught scales on vessels visual signals on vessels sound signals and radiotelephony waterway signs and markings rules of the road berthing rules signalling and reporting requirements as well as prevention of pollution of water and disposal of waste. These harmonized rules constitute the legal and technical basis for national inland waterway codes in UNECE member States. CEVNI is regularly updated in parallel with the evolution of the River Commissions regulations in the UNECE region thus ensuring that they remain harmonized.
Executive summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2) with a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 28-34 times more potent than CO2 over a 100-year timeframe. Coal mining a major source of CH4 emissions accounts for about 12% of global anthropogenic CH4 emissions (U.S. EPA 2019). Most emissions come from underground coal mines predominantly working mines but emissions from abandoned underground mines are increasing. National monitoring reporting and verification (MRV) programmes not only help countries better understand the contribution of coal mining to their overall CH4 and GHG emissions but also identify opportunities for mitigation ranging from identifying prospective locations for coal mine methane (CMM) abandoned mine methane (AMM) and surface mine methane (SMM) mitigation projects to informing the design of policies for CMM AMM and SMM.
Foreword
The current state of the natural environment is worrisome. According to International Energy Agency outlooks if annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue at today’s rates by 2100 the average temperature on Earth will rise by approximately 2.6°C compared to preindustrial times. However emissions of methane (CH4) have not stabilized and if they keep growing at the current rates the planet faces a climate disaster unprecedented in human history – the earth’s atmosphere will warm by approximately 4°C by the end of the century. This humaninduced change in atmospheric conditions will wreak havoc imperilling water supplies food production and potentially causing mass migration and social destabilization.