Migration
التاريخ الطويل للصينيين المقيمين وراء البحار
يَعدّ الصينيون المهاجرون اليوم والذين يعيشون في الخارج، حسب المنظمة الدولية للمهاجرين، 10 ملايين مهاجر، وقد يصل العدد إلى 60 مليون إذا ما احتسبنا نسلهم
Por una evaluación científica más transparente
Un año y medio después del estallido de la pandemia de COVID–19, la ciencia ha salvado muchas vidas. Sin la investigación biomédica básica, no se habrían podido desarrollar las vacunas ni evaluar su eficacia. Sin embargo, la comunidad científica no ha sido tan transparente en otras cuestiones esenciales vinculadas a la pandemia. La utilidad de las mascarillas o la fiabilidad de los modos de transmisión del coronavirus, por ejemplo, no se han establecido de manera concluyente, debido en parte a las deficiencias de muchos estudios sobre estos temas.
Мобильный телефон: компас на пути миграции
«Иногда мне приходится выбирать между возможностью поесть и выходом в интернет для общения с оставшейся на родине семьей, — рассказывает 22-летний нигериец Мамаду. — Когда мне нужны деньги, я звоню им по WhatsApp, и они быстро пересылают мне нужную сумму». Слова молодого человека прекрасно иллюстрируют ту важную роль, которую мобильные телефоны в наши дни играют в жизни мигрантов. На это указывают и данные регионального бюро Управления Верховного комиссара ООН по делам беженцев в Рабате, Марокко, согласно которым беженцы тратят на подключение к интернету до трети всех своих средств.
Cada vez más migrantes climáticos en Perú
Entre 2008 y 2019, de los 33 millones de habitantes de Perú, unos 656.000 se vieron obligados a desplazarse por catástrofes naturales, según el Observatorio de Desplazamientos Internos (IDMC, por sus siglas en inglés). Se calcula que para 2100 los riesgos por movimientos humanos podrían incrementarse hasta niveles sin precedentes y dispararse la frecuencia e intensidad de los peligros ambientales.
Наглядно: Журналисты: жертвуя собой во имя правды
В среднем в последнее десятилетие каждые четыре дня убивают одного журналиста. Причем начиная с 2016 года вне зон военных действий ежегодно погибает больше журналистов, чем в странах, переживающих вооруженные конфликты. В период с 2020 года по конец июня 2021 года в мире было зарегистрировано в общей сложности 86 случаев убийств журналистов.
الأسنان،مرآة لتنقّلاتنا عبر التاريخ
تقول الدّكتورة كارولين فرايوالد، عالمة الآثار في قسم علم الاجتماع والأنثروبولوجيا بجامعة ميسيسبي بالولايات المتحدة، أنّه «مع شيء من الفطنة، يُمكن للتركيبة الكيميائيّة للأسنان أن تُوفّر قصّة مُصغّرة عن حياة الإنسان ». فعندما تتكوّن الأسنان، تُثبّت عناصر مُتأتّية من الغذاء والماء مثل الأكسجين والآزوت والكربون. تلك الرّواسب الكيميائية تكشف عن المكان الذي تمّ فيه إنتاج الأغذية واستهلاكها، «فقد وجدنا في ثقافات العالم بأسره أسنانًا تحمل آثار الهجرات. نعتقد غالبًا أن الشعوب القديمة كانت مستقرّة، لكنها في الواقع كانت دائمة التّنقّل .
زاوية كبرى: قصص الهجرة
لأول مرة منذ زمن طويل، انخفض نمو عدد المهاجرين الدوليين في عام 2020 . ويُعزى هذا الانخفاض الطفيف، أساسا، إلى القيود المفروضة على التنقل في علاقة بجائحة كوفيد 19 إذ ما فتئت أدفاق الهجرة تتزايد باطراد منذ عدة عقود. ففي عام 2020 ، بلغ عدد الذين يعيشون في بلد غ ر بلدهم الأصلي 281 مليون شخصا. وفي عام ي 2000 ، كان عددهم 173 مليون. وفي عام 1970 ، 84 مليون.
إيفا-ماريا غيغل: «تاريخ الإنسانية حكاية هجرات مُتعاقبة»
Notre invitée: L’Amérique latine, eldorado des dinosaures
Au Canada, un centre pour soigner les maux de l’exil
Assane Traoré [le nom a été changé] a récemment quitté l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Aujourd’hui réfugié à Québec, il a été confronté aux massacres et aux violences perpétrés par des groupes djihadistes. Le soir, il s’enferme avec sa famille, met des protections aux fenêtres. Il a toujours le sentiment d’être suivi.
Venera Toktorova: A Kyrgyz migrant makes her way
In a lively café filled with Asian music in Moscow’s east, a woman watches the comings and goings of the servers with an authoritative eye, while checking her mobile phone from time to time. Wearing a light-coloured dress and her hair neatly tied back, Venera Toktorova, 40, is the owner of the Sulaiman-Too – named after the sacred mountain of her homeland.
Ideas: Open science: A global movement catches on
The Covid-19 pandemic has allowed us to observe a great surge of collaboration and sharing of scientific knowledge among researchers – in the effort to cope with the virus, provide the most effective treatments, and especially, to find a vaccine. We have seen barriers fall when the major scientific publishing groups – such as Elsevier, Springer Nature, and Wiley – opened access to thousands of research articles. This allowed scientists from all over the world to read them, keep up with research advances, and thus, accelerate their work.
Eva-Maria Geigl: « L’histoire de l’humanité est faite d’une succession de migrations »
La larga historia de los chinos de ultramar
Según la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OMI), actualmente hay en el mundo más de 10,7 millones de migrantes chinos residentes en el extranjero y, si se contabilizan sus descendientes, la cifra asciende a 60 millones.
Refugees: Overcoming prejudices
Today there are more people displaced by persecution, conflict, and other crises than at any time since the Second World War – 82.4 million, with 26 million having crossed a border as refugees. However, amid the politicization of asylum and immigration, in both rich and poor countries, refugees increasingly face challenges of accessing international protection.
Grand angle: Histoires de migrations
Pour la première fois depuis longtemps, la croissance du nombre de migrants internationaux s’est ralentie en 2020. Ce léger tassement s’explique avant tout par les restrictions de mobilité liées à la pandémie de Covid-19. Car depuis plusieurs décennies, les flux migratoires ne cessent de se densifier. En 2020, 281 millions de personnes vivaient dans un pays autre que leur pays de naissance. En 2000, ils étaient 173 millions. En 1970, 84 millions.
ضيفتنا: أمريكا اللاتينية، إلدورادو الديناصورات
في كندا ،مركز لمعالجة أمراض المنفى
غادر حسان تراوري )وقع تغيير الاسم( مؤخراً غرب أفريقيا. وهو الآن لاجئ في كيبيك، بعد أن واجه مذابح وأعمال عنف ارتكبتها جماعات جهادية. في المساء، ينزوي مع أسرته ويحصّن نوافذ منزله، فهو ما زال يشعر بأنه ملاحق.
Нигерия: к мечте, любой ценой
Молодые нигерийцы составляют значительную долю мигрантов, пытающихся приехать в Европу из южных стран. Почему они решают покинуть родные земли? Знают ли они обо всех опасностях, которые могут поджидать их на пути? Найти ответы на эти вопросы я попытался в своем исследовании, опубликованном в 2019 году под заголовком «Нелегальная миграция как стратегия выживания: опыт молодежи из городов Нигерии» (англ. Irregular Migration as Survival Strategy: Narratives from Youth in Urban Nigeria).
Фокус: Доминик Роже: «юнеско подарила мне целый мир»
Четвертого ноября 1966 года, во время одного из сильнейших наводнений в истории Венеции, «высокая вода» прорывает береговую защиту города, затапливая улицы более чем на метр. Следуя призыву ЮНЕСКО к международной солидарности, страны всего мира мобилизуют свои силы для спасения этого выдающегося архитектурного ансамбля, который на тот момент еще не входит в Список всемирного наследия. С тем чтобы запечатлеть работу по восстановлению его памятников и фресок, по поручению Организации в Венецию прибывает фотограф Доминик Роже.
La dentition, miroir de nos mobilités passées
« Avec un peu de perspicacité, la composition chimique de la dent peut livrer une mini-histoire de la vie d’une personne », explique Carolyn Freiwald, archéologue au département de sociologie et d’anthropologie de l’Université du Mississippi, aux États-Unis. Lorsque les dents se forment, elles fixent des éléments provenant de la nourriture et de l’eau comme l’oxygène, l’azote et le carbone. Ces traces chimiques révèlent le lieu où les aliments ont été produits et consommés : « Dans les cultures du monde entier, nous avons trouvé des dents qui portent la trace de migrations. Nous pensons souvent que les peuples anciens étaient sédentaires, mais en réalité ils ont toujours été mobiles. »
Circunnavegación: Periodista, una profesión de riesgo
En el último decenio, un periodista fue asesinado cada cuatro días, de promedio. Desde 2016, cada año han muerto asesinados más periodistas fuera de zonas de conflicto que en países en guerra. En total, entre 2020 y finales de junio de 2021, se registraron 86 asesinatos de periodistas en el mundo.
Eva-Maria Geigl: “The history of humanity is made up of a succession of migrations”
Китайская эмиграция: вековая история
По данным Международной организации по миграции (МОМ), в настоящее время за пределами своей страны проживает более 10 млн китайцев. Если в эту цифру включить и их потомков, общее число китайских эмигрантов составит около 60 млн.
El teléfono móvil, la brújula imprescindible de los migrantes
“Para mantener contacto con mi familia, a veces tengo que elegir entre comer o conectarme a Internet. Cuando necesito dinero, les hago una llamada por WhatsApp y me lo envían rápidamente”. Estas palabras de Mamadu, un nigeriano de 22 años, resumen el papel clave que desempeñan ahora los teléfonos móviles en la vida de los inmigrantes. Una prueba de esta importancia crucial: los refugiados pueden destinar hasta un tercio de su presupuesto a conectarse a Internet, según la oficina de la agencia de la ONU para los refugiados (ACNUR) en Rabat.
Wide angle: Stories of migration
For the first time in many years, the increase in the number of international migrants slowed down in 2020. This slight downturn can be explained primarily by the restrictions on movement linked to the Covid-19 pandemic – the flow of migrants has otherwise been steadily growing for decades. In 2020, 281 million people were living in a country in which they had not been born. This figure has increased from 173 million in 2000, and 84 million in 1970.
اللاجئون: حتى نقطع معالأحكام المسبقة
لقد بلغ عدد الأشخاص النازحين بسبب الصراعات والاضطهاد حدّا غير مسبوق منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية. غير أنه بالنّظر للوضع الحالي المُتّسم بتسييس قضايا اللجوء والهجرة، سواء في البلدان الغنية أو الفقيرة، يجد اللاجئون صعوبة متزايدة في الحصول على حماية دولية. وقد يُعزى جزء من المشكلة إلى الإعلام المُضلّل إذ تعمد وسائل الإعلام والقادة السياسيون أحيانًا إلى تشويه الصورة التي يتلقّاها الجمهور عن اللاجئين في اعتبارهم عبئا على المجتمعات المضيفة.
راكفأ: العلم المفتوح، حلم بدأ يتحقق
أتاحت جائحة كوفيد 19 رصد انخراط كبير في مجال التعاون وتقاسم المعارف العلمية بين الباحثين من أجل مواجهة الفيروس وتوفير طرق العلاج الأكثر ملاءمة، والتوصّل إلى اختراع لقاح بالخصوص. وكانت الجائحة فرصة سقطت معها الحواجز عندما قامت مجموعات دور النشر العلمية الكبرى )مثل إيلسيفيير Elsevier أو سبرينغر Springer أو ويلي wiley ( بإتاحة الوصول إلى ملايين المقالات البحثية لفائدة الأخصائيين من جميع أنحاء العالم، وتمكينهم من التعرف على التقدم المحرز في مجال البحوث، وتبعا لذلك التسريع في نسق بحوثهم.
Venera Toktorova, itinéraire d’une migrante kirghize
Dans l’effervescence d’un café moscovite baigné de musique orientale, le Sulaiman-Too, dans l’est de la ville, une femme surveille avec autorité le va-etvient des serveurs du fond de la salle, tout en gardant un oeil sur son téléphone portable. Robe claire et cheveux sagement attachés, Venera Toktorova, la propriétaire des lieux, a 40 ans.
Teeth: Mapping our past mobility
Ancient teeth can be analysed by archaeologists to uncover patterns of migration. “With some sleuthing, the chemical composition of a person’s tooth provides a mini-life history,” says Carolyn Freiwald, archaeologist and associate professor of Anthropology at the University of Mississippi, United States, who studies the biology and chemistry of teeth.
Our guest: Latin America: The golden age of dinosaurs
Idées: La science ouverte, une utopie qui gagne du terrain
La pandémie du Covid-19 a permis d’observer un grand élan de collaboration et de partage des connaissances scientifiques entre chercheurs pour faire face au virus, apporter les traitements les plus appropriés et surtout trouver un vaccin. Elle a été l’occasion de voir des barrières tomber lorsque les grands groupes de l’édition scientifique (tels que Elsevier, Springer Nature ou bien encore Wiley) ont ouvert l’accès à des milliers d’articles de recherche pour permettre aux scientifiques du monde entier d’y accéder, de prendre connaissance des avancées de la recherche et ainsi d’accélérer leurs travaux.
In Canada, a centre to treat the wounds of exile
Assane Traoré, now a refugee in Quebec, recently left West Africa, where he witnessed massacres and violence perpetrated by jihadist groups. In the evenings, he locks himself in with his family, pulling the shades to cover the windows. He constantly feels he is being followed.
Réfugiés: pour en finir avec les préjugés
Aujourd’hui, il y a plus de personnes déplacées en raison de conflits et de persécutions que jamais depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Mais dans le contexte actuel de politisation des questions d’asile et d’immigration, aussi bien dans les pays riches que dans les pays pauvres, les réfugiés ont de plus en plus de mal à accéder à une protection internationale. Une partie du problème peut être attribuée à la désinformation. Les médias et les dirigeants politiques déforment parfois la perception du public en présentant les réfugiés comme un fardeau pour les communautés d’accueil.
فينيرا توكتوروفا، مسارمهاجرة قيرغيزية
وسط مقهى صاخب شرقي موسكو، تغمره موسيقى شرقية ويعرف بسليمان-تو، تراقب امرأة، بكثير من الحزم، تحرّكات النوادل انطلاقا من الجزء الخلفي من القاعة، وعينها على هاتفها الجوال. إنّها فينيرا توكتوروفا، صاحبة المكان، تنتصب في فستانها الفاتح اللون وشعرها المشدود برصانة، وقد بلغت الأربعين من العمر.
Наш гость: Латинская Aмерика: эльдорадо для динозавров
Cinco mitos sobre los refugiados a examen
En la actualidad, el número de personas desplazadas por conflictos y persecuciones es el más alto desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Pero en el contexto actual de politización de las cuestiones relativas al asilo y la inmigración, tanto en los países ricos como en los pobres, a los refugiados les resulta cada vez más difícil acceder a la protección internacional. Una parte del problema puede atribuirse a la desinformación. Los medios de comunicación y los dirigentes políticos suelen deformar la percepción del público, al presentar a los refugiados como una carga inevitable para las comunidades que les acogen.
Канада: этнопсихология в помощь мигрантам и беженцам
Ассан Траоре [имя было изменено] бежал в Квебек из Западной Африки. Совсем недавно, на родине, он стал свидетелем массовых убийств и насилия, совершаемых джихадистскими группировками. Теперь он и его семья в безопасности, но каждый вечер Ассан тщательно запирает двери и устанавливает на окна дополнительную защиту. Он не может избавиться от ощущения, что его преследуют.
Ideas: La ciencia abierta, una utopía que gana terreno
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha impulsado considerablemente la colaboración y la puesta en común de conocimientos científicos entre investigadores para luchar contra el coronavirus, aplicar los tratamientos más adecuados y, sobre todo, encontrar una vacuna. En plena crisis, grandes grupos empresariales de la edición científica – Elsevier, Springer o Nature, por ejemplo– facilitaron a los investigadores del mundo entero el libre acceso a miles de artículos científicos para que conocieran los últimos avances de la ciencia y pudiesen así acelerar sus trabajos.
Irregular Migration in Turkey
In recent years, illegal transit migration through Turkey, together with the use of Turkey’s territory as a transition post for onward migration towards the west, has become an issue of growing importance to the Turkish government. The government seeks to control and manage transit migration, often organized by criminal smuggling and trafficking international networks. This report — based on interviews with migrants, migration officials and traffickers — provides useful insights into the origins and motivations of transit migrants and their reasons for farther migration. It illustrates the workings of well-organized local and international criminal networks and discusses Turkey’s policies and efforts to manage substantial and irregular migration flows through its territory in cooperation with western European countries.
IOM outlook on migration, environment and climate change
Migration and Poverty Alleviation in China
China has achieved remarkable progress in poverty alleviation since the start of its reforms. Rural-urban labour migration on an unprecedented scale played a vital role in rural income growth, poverty reduction and economic development. The present publication argues that although migration in China has unique institutional characteristics, the experiences and lessons to be drawn from considering migration as a development approach have important implications for the shaping of appropriate developmental policies.
Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe
There are several hundreds of thousands of Nigerians throughout Europe, half of whom live in the United Kingdom. According to this report, emigration has represented a considerable drain of highly qualified labour from Nigeria, while at the same time, the Nigerians abroad represent a substantial resource to their country of origin and they send more than a billion US dollars back to their relatives every year.
Migration, Development and Environment
This book explores the conceptual framework of the interrelationships between migration, environment and development, which are among the most pressing issues on the contemporary global agenda. After a conceptualization of this relationship, the paper treats, in a depth analysis with tables and figures, main issues such as: environment as cause of migration in case of environmental disasters and environmental degradation; climate change and migration; displacement by large projects and impacts of migration on destination environments. The implications these have for policy are also considered.
Measuring International Labour Mobility
This publication provides country examples and best practices on measuring international labour mobility. It was prepared by a task force composed of experts from national statistical offices, and coordinated by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. The aim is to provide guidance and structure to the production of statistics on stocks and flows of international migrant workers and non-resident foreign workers within a country. Such statistics cut across economic, social and demographic domains and rely on a variety of data sources. The publication a) outlines the context and core concepts; b) provides an overview of data availability; c) contains examples from four country case studies; d) provides recommendations for producers of statistics; and e) identifies areas for further development. The publication is primarily designed for use by national statistical offices in producing international labour mobility statistics, as well as users of statistics in these and related fields.
Migration and Climate Change
This report focuses on the possible future scenarios for climate change, natural disasters and migration and development, looking to increase awareness and find answers to the challenges that lie ahead. It states that even though it is defined as growing crisis, the consequences of climate change for human population are unclear and unpredictable. The study points out that scientific basis for climate change is increasingly well established, and confirms that current predictions as to the “carrying capacity” in large parts of the world will be compromised by climate change.
Migration and the United Nations Post-2015 Development Agenda
Handbook on the Use of Administrative Sources and Sample Surveys to Measure International Migration in CIS Countries
Migration is a powerful driver and important consequence of economic, political and social change, and there fore needs to be adequately measured and understood. However, the improvement of statistical systems to measure migration has been a slow process because of weak coordination between migration statistics producers, discrepancies in the applied definitions, and challenges related to data collection. The objective of this handbook is to guide statisticians and other professionals in producing and using data on international migration from administrative sources and household surveys in the CIS region. It describes the key concepts and definitions for the measurement of international migration. It also provides practical information on the sources of administrative data and their use, and highlights the related methodological and organizational challenges.
Remittances in the Great Lakes Region
This study aims to provide insight into the advantages and disadvantages of existing transfer methods, governmental and non-state initiatives regarding remittances, and the obstacles and opportunities for harnessing the development impact of these financial flows. The introductory chapter presents a conceptual framework on remittances. The second, third and fourth chapters provide an analysis of the remittance dynamics of the DRC, Burundi and Rwanda.
Myths and Realities of Chinese Irregular Migration
This study reviews recent research on the trafficking and smuggling of migrants from China. It also addresses prevalent myths about Chinese irregular migration and discusses policy measures adopted by China and other countries to combat trafficking from China. The study attempts to portray an unbiased assessment of the issue.
World Demographic Trends 2018
The present report, prepared in accordance with resolution 1996/2 of the ECOSOC, provides an overview of demographic trends for the world, its geographic regions and selected countries, and for various development and income groups. It focuses on major demographic changes during recent decades, as well as projected changes during the time frame for implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and beyond. The report includes population size and change, fertility and family planning, mortality, changing population age structures, urbanization and city growth, and international migration, including recent trends in the number of refugees and asylum seekers.
Climate Change, Migration and Critical International Security Considerations
This report reviews the available scholarly reporting on climate change, migration and security and describes the legal and policy challenges facing the international community. While there is indeed considerable evidence that climate does influence migration, future estimates are hampered by a lack of reliable data. Climate-related migration is closely connected to the social, economic, cultural and institutional processes that shape the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of exposed populations. Conflict may potentially emerge in situations of resource scarcity and resource abundance, but in most cases there will be opportunities for intervention before violence occurs. Most climate change-driven migration is likely to occur with countries and regions, although there will be increased international movements along established migrant networks. To avoid large-scale distress migrations, the report outlines priority actions for policymakers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance adaptive capacity in vulnerable regions, and provide assistance to those displaced.
Dynamics of Remittance Utilization in Bangladesh
More than 1 million Bangladeshis live permanently outside the country and some 200,000 or more leave the country every year to work elsewhere. Most of these migrants send part of their earnings home on a regular or irregular basis. This report takes Bangladesh as a case study and looks at the importance of remittances for the economic development of the origin countries of migrant communities.
Defining and Measuring Circular Migration
Circular migration – a repetition of migration by the same person between two or more countries – is a topic of growing importance, on which information is needed for policy development. To meet this demand, there is a need to establish an international statistical definition of what circular migration is and how it can be measured and compared between different reporting countries.This publication presents the results of the work of the UNECE Task Force on Measuring Circular Migration in addressing this need, including a proposal for a common international statistical definition of circular migration. Key definitions of international migration statistics and already-existing definitions of circular migration are analyzed as are five dimensions of circular migration: repetition of move (frequency), directionality, duration, purpose or reason for move, and developmental impact. The report presents proposals for a statistical definition of circular migration while also identifying several important challenges in measuring circular migration, such as measuring short-term migration and measuring a series of events within a specific period as a single statistic. Practical applications of the proposed definitions are presented with examples from Italy and Sweden.
EU Enlargement and Turkish Labour Migration
Trafficking in Human Beings and the 2006 World Cup in Germany
Prior to the World Cup in Germany in 2006, there was considerable international concern that this event would contribute to a sharp increase in trafficking for sexual exploitation. This report investigates whether the number of victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation increased during this sporting event. All data, information and experts’ statements that are available to date strongly indicate that an increase in human trafficking, during and after the World Cup did not actually occur.
The South–South Remittance Corridor between Argentina and Bolivia
South–South remittance corridors still remain a largely unexplored research area, despite the fact that for a few years already, international organizations, such as the International Organization for Migration and the World Bank, have been highlighting the importance of South–South migration and remittance flows. In South America, the Argentina–Bolivia corridor is the third most relevant South–South corridor in terms of annual volumes, after Venezuela–Colombia and Argentina–Paraguay. This publication provides a diagnostic report on the access to and use of remittance services by Bolivian migrants in Argentina, showing the main obstacles and challenges faced to achieve a productive use of remittances. The study examines the legal and regulatory frameworks of remittance-related transactions, together with the sending process from Argentina to Bolivia, with its chain of intermediation and different money transfer schemes. It provides key recommendations for public policies and actions aimed at maximizing the positive impact of remittances in terms of local development, focusing on two intervention pillars: financial education and transparency of the remittance services market.
The Millennium Development Goals and Migration
There is a noticeable gap in research and analysis on how migration is linked to development. This paper identifies linkages that have the potential both to challenge and to support the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The complexities of this phenomenon need to be understood in order to be better achieve those targets.
Summary Report on the MIPEX Health Strand and Country Reports
The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) Health strand is a questionnaire designed to supplement the existing seven strands of the MIPEX, which in its latest edition (2015) monitors policies affecting migrant integration in 38 different countries. The questionnaire measures the equitability of policies relating to four issues: (A) migrants’ entitlements to health services; (B) accessibility of health services for migrants; (C) responsiveness to migrants’ needs; and (D) measures to achieve change. The work described in this report formed part of the EQUI-HEALTH project carried out by the International Organization for Migration from 2013 to 2016, in collaboration with the Migrant Policy Group (MPG) and COST Action IS1103 (Adapting European health services to diversity). Part I of this report shows that many studies have already been carried out on migrant health policies, but because they tend to select different countries, concepts, categories and methods of measurement, it is difficult to integrate and synthesize all these findings. The MIPEX Health strand sets out to surmount this obstacle by collecting information on carefully defined and standardized indicators in all 38 MIPEX countries, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Part II describes the conceptual framework underlying the questionnaire and the way in which aspects of policy were operationalized and scored in the 38 indicators. This is followed in Part III by a detailed description of the pattern of results found in 34 European countries on each item in the questionnaire. Part IV reports the results of statistical analyses of collected data.
The economic, social and cultural rights of migrants in an irregular situation
The Return and Reintegration of Rejected Asylum Seekers and Irregular Migrants
This report compares the experiences of several existing assisted return programmes for rejected asylum seekers and irregular migrants in Europe and draws lessons for future programmes. Specifically, the report focuses on three aspects: programme implementation, targeting of assistance, and evaluation. It analyzes the experiences of existing programmes in France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland and makes recommendations for best practice in the future.
The Role of Regional Consultative Process in Managing International Migration
The past ten years have seen an increase in the number of regional consultative processes focusing on migration. These non-binding fora bring representatives of states, civil society, and international organizations together at the regional level to discuss migration-related issues in a cooperative manner. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of regional consultative processes. It examines eleven regional processes and investigates the development and achievements of four of them in depth.
Without Choice?
Understanding War-Affected Syrian Families’ Decisions to Leave Home
This new publication in the IOM Migration Research Series explores the decision-making processes of war-affected Syrian families before leaving home. Drawing upon collaborative family interviews with 46 Syrian families resettled in Lebanon, the research methodology included narrative discussion —spanning life in Syria, the journey from Syria to Lebanon and life in Lebanon—as well as drawing and mapmaking. The findings are divided into four themes: (1) how long it took for families to decide to leave, (2) the push factors that influenced the family’s decision to leave, (3) why families decided to journey to Lebanon versus another neighbouring country, (4) the push/pull factors in deciding to resettle in a third country. The findings indicate that there is much diversity in the decision-making processes that families engage in and underscore the importance of family agency in making informed decisions.
Migration from Latin America to Europe
Trends and Policy Challenges
Part of the IOM Migration Research Series, this study reveals various trends and policy challenges relating to migration from Latin America and the Caribbean to Europe, which has grown rapidly over the last decade. These increased flows calls for strengthened cooperation between the two regions on migration issues, specifically the effective integration of migration issues into the ongoing development cooperation activities and political dialogues.
État de la Population Mondiale 2006
Vers l’Espoir - Les Femmes et la Migration Internationale
Le Dialogue de haut niveau sur la migration internationale et le développement 2006 offre une occasion cruciale de faire en sorte que les voix des femmes migrantes soient entendues. La reconnaissance explicite des droits humains des femmes et la nécessité d’instaurer l’égalité entre les sexes sont une condition préalable fondamentale de toute politique saine, équitable et efficace qui vise à gérer la migration en évitant tout désordre ou manque d’humanité. Ce rapport aborde la migration au XXIe siècle, les femmes et la migration, la traite des femmes, les femmes réfugiées et conclut sur les droits humains des migrants.
Migration and Development
A Perspective from Asia
This paper discusses international migration and the impact it has, both negative and positive, on development in Asian countries. It demonstrates ways in which international migration can and does impinge on development in receiving areas. Although the paper focuses on examples taken from the Asian region, the lessons learnt are applicable to other regions of the world.
Migrant Resource Centres
An Initial Assessment
Angola
A Study of the Impact of Remittances from Portugal and South Africa
The Development Potential of Zimbabweans in the Diaspora
A Survey of Zimbabweans Living in the UK and South Africa
This report draws on findings from a survey of 1,000 Zimbabweans living in the United Kingdom and South Africa and aims to obtain a profile in terms of their skills base, transnational links and interest in contributing to development. It examines the education and employment skills base of respondents on arrival in either the UK or South Africa and their educational qualifications and employment at the time of the survey. Transnational activities are also explored, including the sending of economic and other remittances.
Bordering on Control
Combating Irregular Migration in North America and Europe
This publication evaluates the cost-effectiveness of both external and internal migration-control instruments in the USA, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It discusses whether increased spending on Official Development Assistance would reduce migration flows to those countries and proposes recommendations on how migration management objectives can be achieved.
Informe Sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2011
Comunicar Eficazmente sobre la Migración
El Informe sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2011 presenta los datos disponibles a escala mundial sobre las percepciones y las actitudes del público con respecto a la migración. Analiza la forma en que se modelan esas percepciones y actitudes y el modo en que pueden ejercer influencia en la política y en los medios de comunicación, o ser objeto de influencia. También examina el papel que desempeñan los medios de comunicación en la presentación de las opiniones, la información sobre las tendencias y el marco del discurso sobre la migración. Se incluyen, asimismo, ejemplos de buenas prácticas en la comunicación de una imagen positiva y equilibrada de los migrantes por parte de los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y los medios de comunicación. Por último, el Informe plantea varias medidas para mejorar la comunicación sobre la migración con el propósito de promover una mejor comprensión y reconocimiento de los beneficios de la migración, formular políticas con una mayor base empírica y contar con la participación efectiva de los propios migrantes.
Trafficking of Men
A Trend Less Considered - The Case of Belarus and Ukraine
To date, trafficking in males has been underconsidered in research despite noteworthy signals that it is a violation faced by many males, adults and minors. Through the case of Belarus and Ukraine, this study, established from a survey of about 685 trafficked males and qualitative information from interviews, considers male victim’s profiles and trafficking experience from recruitment, through transportation and exploitation. On the other hand, it analyses what can be done to meet their needs, both as a means of assistance and protection.
Combating Trafficking in South-East Asia
A Review of Policy and Programme Responses
At least two hundred thousand women and children from South-East Asia are trafficked annually. This figure represents nearly one third of the global trafficking trade. This study reviews what is known about trafficking in the region and provides a thorough overview of the viewpoints that have been developed within South-East Asia. It also discusses problems faced in the fight against trafficking and highlights priority areas for the development and implementation of counter trafficking programmes and initiatives.
Journeys of Jeopardy
A Review of Research on Trafficking in Women and Children in Europe
This report by Professor Elizabeth Kelly assesses the current state of knowledge on the trafficking of women and children in Europe. It states that, despite growing interest and concern, information is still limited on the scale of trafficking, the methods it uses, and the most effective means to counter it. The report identifies a number of priorities for further research, including the structure of criminal groups and their methods, state compliance with relevant international laws, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of counter-trafficking initiatives.
Irregular Migration from West Africa to the Maghreb and the European Union
An Overview of Recent Trends
The media and prevailing policy discourses convey an increasingly apocalyptic image of the massive outflows of desperate Africans fleeing poverty and war at home. This study tries to achieve a more empirically and quantitatively founded understanding of the nature, scale and recent evolution of irregular West African migration to Maghreb and Europe. Furthermore, the publication evaluates how policies to manage trans-Saharan and trans-Mediterranean migration have affected current migration patterns.
Migration and Development
Achieving Policy Coherence
Policy coherence between migration and development agendas is of increasing interest in current times; there is growing recognition that migration policies should support rather than hinder investment in international development. The aim of this study is to build on existing international research and take the analysis to the next higher level showing how these connections can be made in practice. Policy makers often focus on remittances as the main means of translating the migration-development nexus into reality. However, this paper shows that there are many stages in the migration cycle, from departure to return and reintegration back home, that present opportunities to make migration more “development friendly” and, conversely, to raise development awareness of migration factors.
Towards Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region
Challenges and Opportunities
International migration is a structural feature of an interconnected Asia-Pacific. The number of migrants to and from the region continues to grow, reflecting factors such as changing demographics, economic transformations, and increased connectivity, as well as showing the influence of instability and conflict in the region; meanwhile, the impacts of migration in all countries have grown to become more important; and the means adopted by countries have adapted to try to address these impacts in a positive manner. This report draws from existing research and provides information on the key trends in migration in the region; the drivers of migration; the impacts of migration; and policy responses at national and multilateral level and concludes with recommendations.
Engaging Diasporas as Development Partners for Home and Destination Countries
Challenges for Policymakers
This publication explores different challenges posed to home and host country governments engaging with their diasporas for development purposes. How to define diasporas? How to gather data on diasporas? How to incorporate diaspora contributions into development strategies? How to identify most relevant partners within the diasporas? What incentives are conducive to diaspora contributions? What resources are available within diasporas and how can their impact on development be maximized? What is the role for policy? These are some of the questions raised in this publication.
Effective Market Access for Least Developed Countries’ Services Exports
Case Study on Utilizing the World Trade Organization Services Waiver in Senegal
The LDC Waiver is a legal tool that enables WTO Members to sidestep their obligation to treat all services imports equally under the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) clause through the granting preferential treatment to services and service exporters from a Least Developed Country (LDC). It is similar to the “Enabling Clause” for goods within the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), except that the Waiver only benefits LDCs, not all developing countries. It operates thus as an “LDC-only Enabling Clause for services”. The Waiver only enables preferences, it does not require WTO Members to grant them, nor provide them with specific ideas or tools to facilitate LDCs’ exports into their markets. This paper presents the findings of the pilot study on Senegal. Focusing on a selection of services sectors of particular export interest to Senegal, this case-study assesses, where appropriate on an anecdotal basis, whether and to what extent the preferences granted by WTO Members respond to the market access, regulatory and other barriers experienced by Senegal’s services exporters in their export market(s). By converging all available sources of information, the analysis aims to identify the relevance of the notified preferences for Senegal’s services exports, possible gaps and opportunities for further development of improved market access mechanisms, as well as its utilization by LDC services exporters.
Effective Market Access for Least Developed Countries’ Services Exports
Case Study on Utilizing the World Trade Organization Services Waiver in Nepal
The LDC Waiver is a legal tool that enables WTO Members to sidestep their obligation to treat all services imports equally under the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) clause through the granting preferential treatment to services and service exporters from a Least Developed Country (LDC). It is similar to the “Enabling Clause” for goods within the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), except that the Waiver only benefits LDCs, not all developing countries. It operates thus as an “LDC-only Enabling Clause for services”. The Waiver only enables preferences, it does not require WTO Members to grant them, nor provide them with specific ideas or tools to facilitate LDCs’ exports into their markets. This paper presents the findings of the pilot study on Nepal. Focusing on a selection of services sectors of particular export interest to Nepal, this case-study assesses, where appropriate on an anecdotal basis, whether and to what extent the preferences granted by WTO Members respond to the market access, regulatory and other barriers experienced by Nepal’s services exporters in their export market(s). By converging all available sources of information, the analysis aims to identify the relevance of the notified preferences for Nepal’s services exports, possible gaps and opportunities for further development of improved market access mechanisms, as well as its utilization by LDC services exporters.
Effective Market Access for Least Developed Countries’ Services Exports
Case Study on Utilizing the World Trade Organization Services Waiver in Zambia
The LDC Waiver is a legal tool that enables WTO Members to sidestep their obligation to treat all services imports equally under the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) clause through the granting preferential treatment to services and service exporters from a Least Developed Country (LDC). It is similar to the “Enabling Clause” for goods within the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), except that the Waiver only benefits LDCs, not all developing countries. It operates thus as an “LDC-only Enabling Clause for services”. The Waiver only enables preferences, it does not require WTO Members to grant them, nor provide them with specific ideas or tools to facilitate LDCs’ exports into their markets. This paper presents the findings of the pilot study on Zambia. Focusing on a selection of services sectors of particular export interest to Zambia, this case-study assesses, where appropriate on an anecdotal basis, whether and to what extent the preferences granted by WTO Members respond to the market access, regulatory and other barriers experienced by Zambia’s services exporters in their export market(s). By converging all available sources of information, the analysis aims to identify the relevance of the notified preferences for Zambia’s services exports, possible gaps and opportunities for further development of improved market access mechanisms, as well as its utilization by LDC services exporters.
Ending the 2006 Internal Displacement Crisis in Timor-Leste
Between Humanitarian Aid and Transitional Justice
Informe Sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2010
El Futuro de la Migración - Creación de Capacidades Para el Cambio
El Informe sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2010 es una herramienta para la autoevaluación desde una perspectiva de futuro, y demuestra la necesidad de un enfoque más amplio de la creación de capacidad para la migración, que el que se ha adoptado hasta ahora. El objetivo no es prescribir políticas y prácticas que sean de aplicación a todo tipo de situaciones, sino proponer objetivos de políticas de gestión de la migración en cada esfera, estimular la reflexión y dar ejemplos de lo que pueden hacer los Estados y otros agentes. La Parte A del informe se centra en la identificación de las capacidades básicas en esferas de fundamental importancia para la gestión de la migración, planteando conceptos clave y señalando importantes ejemplos de las prácticas que se aplican en esos ámbitos. La Parte B ofrece un panorama general de la migración en el mundo contemporáneo, tanto desde una perspectiva mundial como de seis capítulos regionales, elaborados sobre la base de los datos más recientes.
Informe Sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2013
El Bienestar de los Migrantes y el Desarollo
World Economic and Social Survey 2004
Part I — Trends and Policies in the World Economy, Part II — International Migration
The 2004 edition of the World Economic and Social Survey is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the state of the world economy in 2004 and the outlook for 2005. It includes a review of developments in international trade and finance and an overview of the situation in the world’s economies as of mid-2004 and their prospects for 2005. Meanwhile, the second part addresses international migration. It examines historical and recent surges in migration, policies towards migration, its economic and social effects, the question of refugees and the state of international cooperation regarding migration.
Informe Sobre las Migraciones en el Mundo 2008
La Gestión de la Movilidad Laboral en una Economía Mundial en Plena Evolución
La tarea de formular enfoques prácticos de la gestión de la migración internacional sigue siendo un reto de grandes proporciones para la comunidad que, durante los próximos años, exigirá tanto tiempo como esfuerzo. Parte del problema radica en la dificultad de llegar a un consenso sobre el carácter fundamental de la migración y sus resultados. Pese a la actual y favorable inclinación a reconocer los posibles resultados beneficiosos de los fenómenos migratorios, hay numerosos interrogantes que aún no se han resuelto plenamente. En ese contexto de incertidumbre hay sugerencias que vale la pena explorar, pues apuntan a que la migración contemporánea – contrariamente a cualesquiera que hayan sido sus antecedentes históricos – tiene una singular relación con los procesos de integración económica y social que se conocen de manera colectiva como globalización, y que son los elementos que la definen. El argumento es que, intencionalmente o no, esos acontecimientos son responsables, en gran medida, de la creación de una situación sin precedentes, en la que la movilidad humana trata de encontrar expresión a escala auténticamente mundial. Las Migraciones en el Mundo en 2008 aborda esa cuestión directamente e intenta determinar opciones normativas que puedan contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias amplias y coherentes para conciliar la demanda y la oferta de trabajadores migrantes de manera segura, humana y ordenada. En la parte A del Informe se explora el carácter y la magnitud de la necesidad de ese tipo de estrategias mediante la observación y el análisis de una amplia gama de modelos migratorios contemporáneos vinculados a propósitos económicos, mientras que en la parte B se traza el contorno de las posibles características de las respuestas normativas.
Vulnerability to Environmental Stress
Household Livelihoods, Assets and Mobility in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam
This study explores vulnerability and household response measures in the contexts of environmental stress in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Displacement estimates are often based on broad assumptions derived from macro-scale geographical data, viewing individuals’ vulnerability to hazards through the lens of their physical proximity to hazard-prone areas. Given that household assets shape responses to opportunities and threats, this report examines key household assets which determine the household vulnerability, livelihood outcomes and those critical for mobility decision-making in the face of environmental change. The report also provides analysis of government relocation programmes targeting households susceptible to hazards and draws attention to the most asset-poor, who are often trapped and the least able to both adapt to stressors in- situ, or migrate elsewhere.
Migration, Development and Natural Disasters
Insights from the Indian Ocean Tsunami
According to the present report, the recent Asian tsunami highlights the need to take migrant communities, both regular and irregular, into account when planning for natural disasters in order to ensure they are treated in accordance with the core principles of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The report concludes that a number of measures need to be taken to ensure that migrants are fairly treated in the aftermath of a disaster, including the setting up of systems to monitor their immediate, medium and long-term well-being.
État de la migration dans le monde 2013
Le bien-être des migrations et le développement
The Role of Migrant Care Workers in Ageing Societies
Report on Research Findings in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada and the United States
Uprooted
The Growing Crisis for Refugee and Migrant Children
Gallup World Poll
The Many Faces of Global Migration
The Many Faces of Global Migration report is an introduction to what Gallup has unearthed by asking migrants and potential migrants worldwide about their lives. The data presented in this report are based on Gallup’s ongoing World Poll surveys in more than 150 countries, territories and regions and more than 750,000 interviews since 2005. As such, these findings provide an unprecedented look at the different push-and-pull factors that influence migration, the experiences of those who desire to migrate to other countries permanently or temporarily for work, those who are planning to go, those who are preparing to go, those who have already left, and those who have returned home – and what this means for governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders.
Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation
The Case of the Russian Federation
Trafficking in human beings has become one of the most serious problems in the Russian Federation. Trafficking in women is now a multi-billion dollar industry and a key source of revenue for Russian organized crime groups. The study examines the patterns and growth of this illegal activity in Russia, Europe and worldwide.
Realizing the Development Potential of Diasporas
Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants 2018
This study shows that migrant smuggling routes affect every part of the world. It is based on an extensive review of existing data and literature. The study presents detailed information about key smuggling routes, such as the magnitude, the profiles of smugglers and smuggled migrants, the modus operandi of smugglers and the risks that smuggled migrants face. It shows that smugglers use land, air and sea routes – and combinations of those – in their quest to profit from people’s desire to improve their lives. Smugglers also expose migrants to a range of risks; violence, theft, exploitation, sexual violence, kidnapping and even death along many routes.
Guidance on Data Integration for Measuring Migration
The economic, social and demographic impacts of migration are large and increasing. Policymakers, researchers and other stakeholders need data on migrants and their integration into societies. These data need be comprehensive, accurate and frequently updated. There is no single source that can provide such data, but by combining several sources together it might be possible to produce the information that users need. Some countries have developed methods for combining administrative, statistical and other data sources for the production of migration statistics. This publication provides an overview of the ways that data integration is used to produce migration statistics, based on a survey of migration data providers in over 50 countries.
Mobility of Health Professionals to, from and within the European Union
This publication is a shortened version of the summary report “Mobility of Health Professionals: Health systems, work conditions, patterns of health workers’ mobility and implication for policy makers”, which was published in March 2012, in Bonn, Germany, by a consortium led by Dr. Caren Weilandt at the Wissenschaftliches Institut der Ärzte Deutschlands (WIAD, Scientific Institute of the Medical Association of German Doctors). It provides an overview of the outcomes of the MoHProf project that aimed to gather more insights into the processes and effects of mobility of health professionals to, from and within the European Union (EU) and which was carried out under the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Development of the EU.