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- Volume 1992, Issue 48, 1992
CEPAL Review - Volume 1992, Issue 48, 1992
Volume 1992, Issue 48, 1992
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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In search of another form of development
Авторы): Pedro Sáinz and Alfredo CalcagnoThe prime importance given in the 1980s to analysis of the economic depression, external imbalances and inflation in Latin America has left in the background the profound economic, institutional and social changes which took place in this period. Under the inspiration of neoliberal ideas, the institutional and macroeconomic reforms served both to dismantle the previous form of development and to try to establish a new one. There were transfers of wealth and alterations in the structure of production, income distribution, the relation between capital and labour, public and private functions, and the place of the region in the international economy. Some of these changes look place in connection with anti-inflationary or external debt service policies.
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A new international industrial order
Автор: Michael MortimoreThere can be little doubt that the present international order, especially in the field of industry, is markedly different from that which existed at the beginning of the century, and even from the order existing after the last war. This new order is distinguished above all by the extraordinary intensity that international competition has assumed in it; by the fact that primarily it only involves a few thousand world-scale transnational corporations operating in half a dozen technologically advanced industries and another half dozen which are in full process of restructuring; by the fact that its interest is centered on three markets (the United States, the European Economic Community and Japan), which together make up what is called “the Triad”; and by the fact that the power relations between the countries and the transnational corporations are in a process of continuous and ever more rapid change.
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European investment in Latin America: An overview
Автор: Juan Alberto Fuentes KnightThe macroeconomic policies implemented during the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s to promote economic stabilization and foster changes in the region’s production patterns have, in combination with the external debt renegotiation process, helped create favourable conditions for foreign investment from all sources -including Europe- in a growing number of Latin American countries. However, although the liberalization and deregulation initiatives that have accompanied these policies have opened up opportunities for foreign investment, European firms -whether already established in the region or planning to enter it- will have to make some adjustments if they are to make a genuine contribution to the enhancement of Latin America’s international competitiveness.
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An appraisal of recent intra-industry trade for Latin America
Автор: Renato BaumannAvailable evidence shows that intra-industry trade has reached quite significant levels for Latin American countries in recent years. Complementarity of productive structures with regional partners and elsewhere is indicative of specific competitiveness and of capacity to gain access to particular markets. More intra-industry trade should, however, bring about gains in terms of specific sectoral specialization, while at the same time requiring constant technical updating of production, which is likely to affect factor income more intensely than if trade were less specialized.
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Industrial policy in Central America
Автор: Larry WillmoreThe Central American countries have a 40-year tradition of cooperation based on bilateral and multilateral treaties, the most important of which is the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration, under whose terms the Central American Common Market (CACM) was established in 196b. Nevertheless, the industrial policies pursued by these countries since that time are notable for their lack of uniformity.
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Participation and the environment
Автор: Tonci TomicThe petroleum-based production pattern has ultimately proved to be a dead end as the deteriorating quality of natural resources -owing to the way they have been used and appropriated- has begun to cast doubt upon the pattern’s viability. Repeated soundings of alarm on this score have increasingly sensitized the population, thus creating a level of ecological awareness that has moved society to voice its ever more vehement rejection of a system which bases itself on the destruction or degradation of natural resources and, in so doing, jeopardizes the sustainability of the development process.
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Self-financing water supply and sanitation services
Авторы): Terence R. Lee and Andrei JouravlevFinancing investments in urban water supply and sanitation has been a perennial problem in all countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The issue has increased in significance with the need to provide sewage treatment to reduce the gross pollution of many water bodies and to lessen the threat from waterborne diseases. In this paper, the authors explore, through a statistical analysis, the practicability of financing water supply and sanitation services from income generated by the tariffs. Particular emphasis is placed on the possibility of the whole population paying for sanitation services: an issue of some importance given the unequal distribution of income in most cites of the region.
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The social sciences without planning or revolution?
Автор: Martín HopenhaynFrom the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, Latin American social scientists saw themselves as important agents in the processes of change and modernization unfolding in the region’s societies. Inspired by the exuberance of the sweeping changes occurring in the modern-day world, many social scientists felt they were the best equipped not only to interpret the major political and socioeconomic processes taking place in the region, but also to deduce from those interpretations the policy directions in which Latin America’s national societies should plot their future course. The link between the generation of knowledge and active intervention in the real world -the link of organicity- was, for many, the chief element that legitimized the practice of the social sciences in the region. Based on extreme, highly illuminist self-images, such as those associated with the central-government planner or the revolutionary intellectual, many social scientists saw themselves as true links, or bridges, between science and power, or between the development of knowledge and the rationalization of the social order.
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Growth and income distribution in countries at intermediate stages of development
Автор: Eduardo Sarmiento P.This article analyses the relationship between growth and income distribution. The existence of a conflict between these two variables depends on a country’s level of development. Such conflicts arise during intermediate stages of development, when growth is led by savings, and tend to disappear when growth becomes a knowledge-led phenomenon. Part of the reason for this is that saving is much more concentrated than education and technology are. The author contends that the conflict is not insuperable, however; in practical terms, it can be corrected by means of fiscal and educational policy measures.
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Monetary policy and an open capital account
Автор: Roberto ZahlerIn this paper the author analyses some of the difficulties encountered by monetary authorities when they are operating in a situation of international capital mobility; more specifically, he focuses on how two of their monetary policy objectives -controlling inflation and maintaining a stable exchange rate- may conflict.
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